ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS BOOKS OF THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT
Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751) was a French physician and philosopher of the Enlightenment. He wrote other works such as The Hedonist Alternative: "Anti-Seneca" and Other Texts,The Wisdom of Pleasures: "The School of Voluptuousness" and "The Art of Enjoyment",Carnal Philosophy: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Erotics, etc.
He explains, “If there is a God, He is the Author of nature as well as of revelation. He has given us the one to explain the other, and reason to make them agree. To distrust the knowledge that can be drawn from the study of animated bodies, is to regard nature and revelation as two contraries which destroy each the other, and consequently to dare uphold the absurd doctrine, that God contradicts Himself in His various works and deceives us. If there is a revelation, it can not then contradict nature. By nature only can we understand the meaning of the words of the Gospel, that God contradicts Himself in his various works and deceives us.” (Pg. 86)
He states, “Man is so complicated a machine that it is impossible to get a clear idea of the machine beforehand, and hence impossible to define it. For this reason, all the investigations have been vain, which the greatest philosophers have made a priori, that is to say, in so far as they use, as it were, the wings of the spirit. Thus it is only a posteriori or by trying to disentangle the soul from the organs of the body, so to speak, that one can reach the highest probability concerning man’s own nature, even though one cannot discover with certainty what his nature is. Let us then take in our hands the staff of experience, paying no heed to the accounts of all the idle theories of philosophers.” (Pg. 89)
He observes, “the diverse states of the soul ae always correlative with those of the body. But the better to show this dependence, in its completeness and its causes, let us here make use of comparative anatomy; let us lay bare the organs of man and of animals. How can human nature be known, if we may not derive any light from an exact comparison of the structure of man and of animals?” (Pg. 97-98)
He points out, “Among animals, some learn to speak and sing; they remember tunes, and strike the notes as exactly as a musician. Others, for instance the ape, show more intelligence, and yet can not learn music. What is the reason for this except some defect in the organs of speech? But is this defect so essential to the structure that it could never be remedied? In a word, would it be absolutely impossible to teach the ape a language? I do not think so.” (Pg. 100) He continues, “Why then should the education of monkeys be impossible? Why might not the monkey, by dint of great pains, at last imitate after the manner of dead mutes, the motions necessary for pronunciation… it would surprise me if speech were absolutely impossible to the ape.” (Pg. 101)
He notes, “Man’s preeminent advantage is his organism… If one’s organism is an advantage, and the preeminent advantage, and the source of all others, education is the second. The best made brain would be a total loss without it, just as the best constituted man would be but a common peasant, without knowledge of the ways of the world. But, on the other hand, what would be the use of the most excellent school, without a matrix perfectly open to the entrance and conception of ideas? It is … impossible to impart a single idea to a man derived of all his senses…” (Pg. 109-110)
He suggests, “I do not mean to call in question the existence of a supreme being; on the contrary it seems to me that the greatest degree of probability is in favor of this belief. But since the existence of this being goes no further than that of any other toward proving the need of worship, is it a theoretic truth with very little practical value. Therefore, since we may say, after such long experience, that religion does not imply exact honesty, we are authorized by the same reasons to think that atheism does not exclude it… Besides it does not matter for our peace of mind, whether matter be eternal or have been created, whether or not there be a God. How foolish to torment ourselves so much about things which we can not know, and which would not make us any happier even were we to gain knowledge about them!... The number of the evidences drawn from the spectacle of nature does not give these evidences any more force. Either the mere structure of a finger, or an ear, of an eye… proved it, or all the other evidences proved nothing. Deists, and even Christians, should therefore be content to points out that throughout the animal kingdom the same aims are pursued and accomplished by an infinite number of different mechanisms, all of them however exactly geometrical. For what stronger weapons could there be with which to overthrown atheists?” (Pg. 122-123)
He asks, “What reply can, in truth, be made to a man who says, ‘We do not know nature; causes hidden in her breast might have produced everything… observe the polyp … does it not contain in itself the causes which bring about regeneration? Why then would it be absurd to think that there are physical causes by reason of which everything has been made, and to which the whole chain of this vast universe is so necessarily bound and held that nothing which happens, could have failed to happen---causes, of which we are so invincibly ignorant that we have had recourse to a God who… is not so much as a logical entity? Thus to destroy chance is not to prove the existence of a supreme being, since there may be some other thing which is neither chance nor God---I mean, nature. It follows that the study of nature can make only unbelievers; and the way of thinking of all its more successful investigators proves this.’ The weight of the universe therefore far from crushing a real atheist does not even shake him.” (Pg. 124-125) He adds, “Such is the pro and the con, and the summary of those fine arguments that will eternally divide the philosophers. I do not take either side.” (Pg. 126)
He asserts, “The soul is therefore but an empty word, of which no one has any idea, and which an enlightened man should use only to signify that part in us that thinks. Given the least principle of motion, animated bodies will have all that is necessary for moving, feeling, thinking, repenting, or in a world for conducting themselves in the physical realm, and in the moral realm which depends on it.” (Pg. 128)
He concludes, “Let us then conclude boldly that man is a machine, and that in the whole universe there is but a single substance differently modified. There is no hypothesis set forth by dint of a number of postulates and assumptions; it is not the work of prejudice, nor even of my reason alone; I should have disdained a guide which I think so untrustworthy, had not my senses… induced me to follow reason by lighting the way themselves. Experience has spoken to me in behalf of reason; and in this way I have combined the two.” (Pg. 148-149)
Anyone studying the Enlightenment and its philosophy will have a great interest in this influential book.