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Parmenides of Elea: Fragments

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David Gallop provides a Greek text and a new facing-page translation of the extant fragments of Parmenides' philosophical poem. He also includes the first complete translation into English of the contexts in which the fragments have been transmitted to us, and of the ancient testimonia regarding Parmenides' life and thought. All of the fragments have been translated in full and are arranged in the order that has become canonical since the publication of the fifth edition of Diels-Rranz's Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. Alternative renderings are provided for passages whose meaning is disputed or where major questions of interpretation hinge upon the text or translation adopted.

In an extended introductory essay, Gallop offers guidance on the background of the poem, and a continuous exposition of it, together with a critical discussion of its basic argument. The volume also includes an extensive bibliography, a glossary of key terms in the poem, and a section on sources and authorities.

144 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 496

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Parmenides

28 books186 followers
Parmenides of Elea (greek: Παρμενίδης)was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. Parmenides was also a priest of Apollo and iatromantis. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of western philosophy.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 75 reviews
Profile Image for Einzige.
321 reviews16 followers
August 13, 2022
Ontological vandalism

The genesis of everything hated in philosophy can be found in these roughly 2500 year old fragments. Parmenides is a philosopher who uses incredibly pedantic analysis of the definitions of words/concepts to come to radically bizarre and pointless conclusions that are nevertheless difficult to refute. Not only that but these ideas aren't expressed directly but poorly, in a poem, and its not just a modern issue even the ancients with the complete text had problems with it.

His syntax is replete with multiple ambiguities, that are often so teasing as to argue wilful obscurantism, or at least a certain perversity, on their author’s part. In antiquity his verse style was criticized as obscure and dry, reading ‘more like prose than poetry,’ as Proclus remarks

As for ideas the core of his ideas they boil down to the consequences of what happens when nothing is literally no thing and hence - doesnt exist. With “nothing” not existing, only that which “is” exists, now this seems innocent enough but naturally it doesnt stop there. For Parmenides if all that exists is what is, then this “is” must have always existed – because it cant have come from nothing (as otherwise that nothing would actually be a something, eg something that can give existence to what is) and if what is doesnt have a beginning there cant be an end – therefore all the change and death we see is literally an illusion. From these foundations all kinds of arguments are spawned from the perfection of everything to movement not being possible.

That said this would have to be the best source on Parmenides possible, unlike other works it doesn’t just provide one translation, it provides multiple variant translations and discussion on their differences which is invaluable for works as fragmented and unclear as this.
Profile Image for Quiver.
1,133 reviews1,351 followers
March 14, 2019
Heraclitus said that time flows (panta rhei), thereby kickstarting what would come to be known as the dynamical perspective on time, the so call A-series or Presentism. Opposed to Hercalitus's perspective is that of Parmenides. For him time is static, the arrow of time is present at all points, always, the future and the past are as extant as the present. Today, Parmenides's point of view is called the statical perspective, the B-series or Eternalism. In everyday life we use both perspectives, we talk about a fixed appointment on the 10th of April (static), but we also talk about something happening later or earlier (dynamic).

With that in mind, I wished to read the locus classicus for Parmenides thought, and judge the enigmatic text myself.

Enigmatic it is, difficult to parse and at times hard to approach without the guidance of introductory notes, supplementary comments, and footnotes—all of which are provided in this version.

I leave you with a quote regarding Being as Sphere. It's a joy to ponder.


Since, then, there is a furthest limit, [it] is completed,
 
From every direction like the bulk of a well-rounded sphere,
 
Everywhere from the centre equally matched; for [it] must not be any larger

Or any smaller here or there;
 
For neither is there what-is-not, which could stop it from reaching
 
[Its] like; nor is there a way in which what-is could be
 
More here and less there, since [it] all inviolably is;
 
For equal to itself from every direction, [it] lies uniformly within limits.

Profile Image for Murat Dural.
Author 18 books622 followers
January 26, 2020
Erken dönem felsefe tarihinin çok önemli isimlerinden biri Parmenides'in hayatı ve günümüze kalan kısıtlı eseri; çok detaylı nefis bir "Önsöz", orijinal Antik Yunanca metnin diğer sayfasında güzel Türkçe çeviri ve her sayfanın devamında felsefe ve Parmenides öğretisine dair Antik Yunanca keimelerin açıklaması. Alfa Yayınları ve eseri meydana getiren Kaan H. Ökten'e tebrik ve teşekkürlerimle.
Profile Image for sam.
85 reviews4 followers
November 10, 2020
Very foundational presocratic, I can easily see where Plato derived much inspiration from. Very cool!
Profile Image for Lisa.
128 reviews4 followers
December 31, 2022
For those with little prior exposure to pre-Socratic philosophy, it’s hard for me to imagine a more helpful starting point than this volume on Parmenides prepared by David Gallop. The introduction clearly lays out Parmenides’ logical argument as well as pointing out areas where scholars are in conflict about the interpretation. Gallop apparently assimilated all the major academic publications on Parmenides (up to the original publication of this volume in the early ‘80s), notes the sources that have led to his own understanding, and summarizes alternate arguments where they differ from his own preferred reading. The fragments are presented in the original Greek (or in one case Latin) with the English translation on the facing page. Numerous alternative translations are provided in notes on each page for the reader’s consideration. The original source paragraphs from which the fragments were collected are provided in a separate section, as are general ancient “testimonia” about Parmenides and his writings. For those who want to dive deeper, there is a handy “Bibliographical Note” to give direction to your reading of sources that are listed in the actual Bibliography.

The book is also physically pleasing—a beautiful aqua cover (featuring a bird in a medallion!), lightweight textured pages, wide margins. I originally balked at spending $40 on one slim volume about one philosopher, but I feel as though I have gotten my money’s worth. I wonder if any further progress has been made in Parmenidean scholarship since the original publication of this book in 1984. The intrigue of Parmenides’ non-intuitive argument (that everything that exists is unchanging and part of a static plenum) is captured here, as well as the regret for what we will never know.
Profile Image for Sahiden35.
276 reviews13 followers
November 16, 2019
"Zira ne var olmayan vardır, bu durdurabilirdi onu erişmeden hemhâl olana, ne de varolan varolandan olabilir
orada daha fazla burada ise daha az, madem ki evren el değmemiştir;
eştir her yönden, hemhâl bir biçimde sınırlarında hüküm sürer."
Profile Image for Illiterate.
2,665 reviews48 followers
February 4, 2020
Poem on pursuing timeless truth not mortal opinion. The truth seems to consist of monism and the law of noncontradiction.
Profile Image for Yupa.
741 reviews127 followers
November 24, 2010
Bompiani vs. BUR: 0-3

Il testo lo conosciamo tutti (più o meno).
Quindi, parliamo dell'edizione. Parliamone male.
Introduzione troppo breve per un testo e un autore su cui invece ci sarebbero tonnellate di cose da dire (o dette da altri da riferire). Poi, al di là delle tesi del curatore (discutibili o meno), viene riportato troppo poco sulle interpretazioni alternative su Parmenide, e ce ne sarebbero, e sarebbe quanto meno necessario fornirle...
Apparato di note poverello, soprattutto per quanto riguarda le varianti, che dovrebbe essere vitale riportarle per un testo di 2.500 anni fa pervenutoci a frammenti...
Poi ci sono i soliti numerosi refusi, errori di stumpa e/o di battitura, tipica malattia di queste edizioni bompiani.
Punti positivi: ampia bibliografia; prezzo relativamente basso e libro maneggevole (per meno di 10€ ti porti Parmenide in tasca).
Per chi desidera di più Bompiani ha pubblicato la stessa opera in un lussuoso volumone, di cui questa dovrebbe essere la versione mignon.
Ma se si desidera di meglio a basso prezzo c'è l'edizione economica BUR (con un'eccellente introduzione, e provocatoria nelle tesi) al cui confronto questa Bompiani sparisce...
Profile Image for Joan Sebastián Araujo Arenas.
288 reviews44 followers
July 3, 2020
Parménides creía, y lo dejó bien en claro en esta obra, que lo único sobre lo que debía pensarse y hablarse en filosofía era sobre el «ser». Y si bien Aristóteles abogaba que el «ser se dice de muchas maneras» ―aunque las principales sean sólo cuatro definiciones―, Parménides no habría estado de acuerdo con él.

Su «ser» es:

1) Eterno ―por lo que es ingénito e imperecedero―.
2) Homogéneo ―por lo que es indivisible y continuo―.
3) Inmóvil y limitado ―lo que quiere decir que mantiene su identidad―.
4) Completo y perfecto.

Y si bien Gorgias planteó...

El resto del escrito se encuentra en mi blog: https://jsaaopinionpersonal.wordpress...
Profile Image for Donald.
484 reviews33 followers
September 27, 2016
I'm confused by the translation of βροτων γνωμη (fragment 8) as "opinion of mortals" when it's obviously in contrast with βροτων δοξας (fragment 1), but that is a minor quibble. This is a fine edition with lots of helpful notes and appendices, including the short bio from Diogenes Laertius.
Profile Image for Leopold Benedict.
136 reviews37 followers
March 25, 2018
Parmenides verdanken wir die Erkenntnis, dass das Seiende vom nicht-Seienden zu trennen ist und das Erste identisch mit dem Gedachten ist. Darüber hinaus gibt es die Substanz, das Erstarrte, was sich von der permanenten Veränderung Heraklits unterscheidet.
Profile Image for Kai.
151 reviews1 follower
Read
November 18, 2020
"And it is all one to me / Where I am to begin; for I shall return there again."
January 15, 2018
Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod
Beograd, 1984.
Preveo sa starogrčkog Slobodan Žunjić
Radi se o teorijsko-filozofskom djelu te o književnoumjetničkom djelu. Ukratko, ovo je filozofska poema napisana u heksametru. Prijevod na srpski nije struktuiran u heksametru, sam Žunjić navodi da bi se time (da je to učinjeno) tekst doimao kaotičnim i čudnim.
Da sve bude jasno ovo je napisano od strane samog Parmenida. Izvorni autorski Parmenidov tekst iz kraja šestog ili početka petog stoljeća prije naše ere. No, radi se o isključivo tri stranice. Žunjić navodi da se smatra kako je poema posjedovala dva dijela, prvom dijelu je sačuvana većina teksta (Žunjić navodi da je devet desetina teksta ostalo sačuvano), drugom dijelu je sačuvan mali dio teksta (Žunjić navodi da je gotovo u potpunosti nestao).
Djelo pročitah u sklopu korica "Fragmenti elejaca" u kojem se još nalaze tekstovi (njjihovi ili tekstovi koji o njihovim razmišljanjima govore ili s njihovim razmišljanjima raspravljaju, sve antički tekstovi) Zenona i Melisa.
Uskoro slijedi osvrt samog tog izdanja.
Sama poema je napisana u prvom licu, kao što već rekoh, u izvorniku je u heksametru. Posjeduje tematsko-motivske elemente orfičke mitološke tradicije. Parmenid je jedan od prvih grčkih filozofa uopće, njegovo doba je još duboko protkano usmenim mitološkim predajama. Žunjić ističe da se kod Parmenida ističe utjecaj starogrčkog "animizma". Žunjić ne definira "animizam", vjerojatno pod tim terminom smatra starogrčku pagansku religiju sinkretiziranu s helenističkim novokomponovanim duhovnostima poput orfizma. Guglajte o orfizmu, isplati se.
Parmenid pripada ekipi predsokratovca, heterogenoj začetnoj ekipi starogrčke filozofije; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Soc.... Inače nikad ne pišem o autoru nekog djela, ali Parmenid je old skul iznimka.
Radoslav Katičić bi našao zanimljivost u početnom dijelu poeme, u kojem autor u prvom licu navodi da ga kolibe nose putem boginje;
"Kolibe što me nose dokle god bi volja išla
vukoše me, kad me na glasovit dovezoše put...
...kočije mi napinjući, dok mi device put vođahu.
Svirale (zvuk) u glavčinama opušta os
plamteća (tako beše sa dva obrćuća gonjena
točka na oba kraja), kad požuriše hitro
sunčeve kćeri da napustivši boravište Noći
na svetlo me puste, razgrnuvši rukama koprene sa
glava."
Tekst je očito podosta zbunjujući. Citat kojeg bacih je sa samog početka djela. Kontekst nam je gotovo potpuno nepoznat. Nisam skužio kojoj božici autorsko ja putuje? Žunjić o tome šuti. Kasnije se u tekstu spominje Afrodita, no jer su dijelovi izgubljeni, ne znam je li to Afrodita kojoj putuje.
Samo prvo lice pripovjedača poeme je zbunjujuće. Čije je to "ja" u tekstu? Ako se povodimo da je ovaj test prije svega filozofski tekst koji progovara o ontologiji, o konceptu bivstvovanja, o tome da samo Jedno postoji onda bi "ja" u tekstu trebao biti sam Parmenid. No, s druge strane, gledajući ovaj tekst kao prvenstveno književnoumjetničku građu "ja" nije autorsko. Jer nije Parmenid Djed Mraz pa da putuje na letećoj kočiji.
Jezik srpskog prijevoda je zanimljiv u nekim epitetima; "okruglookog meseca", "okolohvatna nebesa" i dr.
Ne želim govoriti išta o ontološkoj filozofiji Parmenida, to bi bilo kao da govorim o radnji. Ja nikada u svojim osvrtima ne govorim o radnji. No, istaknut ću da se ne slažem s Parmenidom, ja sam stari dijalektičar i moj najbolji filozof je Heraklit iz Efeza. Žunjić navodi da se elejce ne može smatrati ni idealistima, ni materijalistima (idealizam i materijalizam u semantičkom kontekstu antičke filozofije, ako ne znate taj semantički kontekst ubijte se). Ja bih rekao da je Parmenidova filozofija idealistička, sam Žunjić tvrdi da ni filozofi ne mogu u potpunosti shvatiti Parmenida jer je ostalo tri obostrane stranice njegovog pisanja, ostalo su sve komentari (uglavnom Platonovim) o njegovom razmišljanju.
Žunjić daje detaljan i iscrpan komentar prijevoda, navodi druge načine prevođenja nekih dijelova ili riječi. Svaka čast Žunjiću!
Čitajte starogrčku filozofiju! Čitajte predsokratovce!
Filozofija bi trebala u općim, jezičnim i klasičnim gimnazijama trajati tri godine kao obavezan predmet (prva godina- logika). A ne da sam ja u Klasičnoj morao slušati četiri godine o jebenoj kemiji i jebenoj fizici, a filozofiju sam imao samo u četvrtom.
Profile Image for Reinhard Gobrecht.
Author 21 books10 followers
July 14, 2014
Die Fragmente des Parmenides sind genial: Z.B. "Denn dasselbe kann gedacht werden und sein".
Hierin wird schon der Unterschied zwischen Denken und Erkennen (Wirklichkeit) deutlich.
"Entweder ist es, oder es ist nicht!" verdeutlicht schon das Prinzip vom ausgeschlossenen Widerspruch, dass nicht beides zugleich sein kann und das Prinzip vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten, dass es nichts Mittleres gibt. "Richtig ist, das zu sagen und zu denken, daß Seiendes ist; [...]" verdeutlicht schon die Rechtheit von Wahrheit, die sinnvolle Beziehung zwischen Ontologie und Logik. u. v. a.
Profile Image for Erik Graff.
5,153 reviews1,412 followers
November 11, 2013
I read this book to help with Reginald Allen's course on Plato's Parmenides at Loyola University Chicago. Of all the books read in that regard, this was the most helpful when I later composed a paper on his Proem.
Profile Image for Oya Özgün Özder.
23 reviews3 followers
September 24, 2015
zira var olmayan zorlanmaz var olmaya;
sense bu irdeleme yolundan esirge düşünceni;
ne alışkanlık bu kanıksanmış yola mecbur bıraksın seni,
ne de bel bağla bulanık göze, uğuldayan kulağa, dile;
ayıkla "logos" ile muğlak kanıtı
benim söylediklerimden.
Profile Image for Karl Hallbjörnsson.
669 reviews70 followers
January 31, 2018
I'd read Parmenides before but I'm writing an essay on his metaphysics right now so I'm revisiting his poem and all its interpretations and implications. Insanely difficult and abstruse. Is Parmenides the first modal logician? Is he an epistemologist? Is he a simple monist? My head is spinning...
Profile Image for Atticus.
104 reviews6 followers
October 6, 2019
It is, and far be it from me to say otherwise!

Pleasantries aside, though complex (especially given its brevity) it's a worthy read for anyone exhausted of reading about "becoming" and wishing to peruse the ontology of simply "being", or for anyone in general interested in philosophy.
Profile Image for Joaquín.
Author 4 books8 followers
August 24, 2014
Very good philological work but such a pitiful introduction (NB I am speaking about the French version by Barbara Cassin in Éditions du Seuil)
Profile Image for Peter J..
Author 1 book8 followers
April 25, 2015
I was mostly lost with this poem and intend to reread it later to see if it makes more sense.
Profile Image for Andrea.
141 reviews9 followers
April 16, 2025
Indifferente è per me il punto da cui devo prendere le mosse; là, infatti, dovrò nuovamente fare ritorno.
(Sulla natura - Fr.5, p.47)

Postilla 1
Prima ancora che si iniziassero a scrivere "note a margine" su Platone, la storia della filosofia occidentale fu scossa da una dicotomia incisa sopra un poema di cui sono rimasti solo pochi, preziosi frammenti, sopra i quali sono state apposte innumerevoli postille.
Nulla di diverso sarà il mio tentativo.

Postilla 2
Il frammento su cui il mio pensiero affonda e pianta radici contiene una qualità poeticissima: è sfumato, dai contorni indefiniti; eppure - sembrerebbe assurdo affermarlo - vagamente precisi. Esso assume un colore affascinante quando si parla di convergenza di misure, permettendo così al discorso di impregnarsi della nozione di "estensione quantitativa"; e, di riflesso: di "realtà".

Postilla 3
Succede, ad esempio, che una successione di misure continue converga ad una delta di Dirac; ovvero: definitivamente, da un certo punto in poi, degli oggetti che "vedono" il tessuto cristallizzato della realtà "diventino" un oggetto incapace di "cogliere" la dimensione: la perdita totale della geometria dello spazio, qualunque essa sia: la sua negazione assoluta.

Postilla 4
Succede, tuttavia, un processo che in qualche forma potrebbe essere ritenuto "inverso" al precedente: che delle misure del conteggio, quelle con cui siamo soliti a contare ed ordinare la realtà secondo un criterio di progressione temporale discreta e razionale (fallace, chiedendo numi a Gadda), si diffondano come brina e permeino la realtà fino ad "assumere" le caratteristiche di una misura continua: un tutto pieno ed omogeneo, dotato di volume.

Postilla 5
Il senso in cui tutto ciò avviene richiede l'utilizzo di un'ottica più "evanescente", capace di captare il "giusto": le vibrazioni dell'invisibile nel visibile: le stesse su cui si tormentò Merleau-Ponty parlando di "carne" e di "chiasma": di un fitto intreccio che costituisce la trama della verità.

Postilla 6
Scorgo nella dicotomia presentata da Parmenide la contrapposizione tra continuo e discreto, entrambi elementi reciprocamente necessari: l'uno non si può avere senza l'altro, e viceversa. La scorgo nel vano intento, forse, di vedervi la vitalità di ogni contrario nell'altro: la notte nel giorno, la lunghezza nella brevità, il futuro nel passato. Come differenza. Come emersione.

Postilla 7
Ad irretire le pieghe del mio discorso ci pensa l'effetto prodotto dall'accostamento di due unità sensoriali, capace di dissolverne i confini: la sinestesia. È un mistero come essa abbia il potere di di sospendere la dicotomia.

Postilla 8
E niente: siamo andati oltre: l'essere è uno, ma percepito in una pluralità di modi tra loro intrecciati.
Come al faro su cui volgono lo sguardo i superstiti della famiglia Ramsay: orizzonte in cui i tempi si sono sfaldati, le coscienze si sono sovrapposte.
E rimane dal viaggio la seguente proposizione: l'identità non è mai ferma, bensì sempre in tensione.

Postilla 9
L'epilogo non è mai poetico, inutile sperarci.
L'utilizzo eccessivo delle virgolette toglie carattere di precisione a quanto sopra esposto.
Eppure, è stata la modalità più chiara con cui ho potuto fissare le protuberanze dei miei pensieri sopra questi frammenti. Per il "non detto" si può interpellare la filosofia.
Profile Image for Zac N.
7 reviews7 followers
July 8, 2022
Am familiar with a good chunk of Parmenides' fragments. Went over them in an ancient philosophy class with an analytic prof that couldn't help but seethe over his personal inability to get what Parmenides was trying to say. I think that Parmenides, and the Eleatics in general, were absolutely right about the nature of being. Before going any further, it's worth mentioning that Parmenides was an eternalist, actualist, and monist, and those positions are sustainable in both an idealist and physicalist framework (although my professor, an ANALytic, couldn't comprehend the notion that the present doesn't exist; cope, seethe, mald). Anyways, what was Parmenides trying to say about bean? Well, being is that which "is", and since everything "is", everything is being, for something cannot be if it "is not". Being is one. Why? Something cannot come from nothing, so something, a being, will always come from something, another being, but for such a causal process to occur there must necessarily exist an indeterminate underlying ground or substance in virtue of which/through which anything can occur (causal closure principle), and that is Being. Each existing thing is not Being itself, but rather its determinations, but such determinations of Being have no reference apart from Being, so since all distinctions are subsumed by Being, the ground of all beings, and since such a ground is necessarily whole/complete, indeterminate, and infinite, Being itself is eternal and immutable. As a Christian, the Eleatic notion of Being has deeply enriched by overall onto-theological framework. Here's some quotes:

"Being itself is the innermost Ground of the being and existence of creatures; it is, for that reason, what is most intimate in beings, is everywhere and “in” all things, and not distinct from anything…on the other hand and at the same time, however, it is “beyond” all beings, is no-thing and precisely as such the Ground of each thing" -Beierwaltes

"‘When my “is” and “God’s is”, my “I am” and God’s “I am” are one and the same “I am Who am”, then there is one being, one knowing, and one working that is “greatly fruitful” like grace’" -Dobie
Profile Image for Joseph Knecht.
Author 5 books53 followers
January 5, 2020
The biggest irony of this book is that it contains a hundred pages of interpretations of a twenty-page poem. And at it the end it still loses to grasp what has been said.

Although fragments of Parmenides's work have been preserved, we can never gain the awareness that he had. He wanted to express his awareness of Truth through words, but words are always subject to personal interpretation. In the translation and interpretation, all meaning of Truth is lost.

Somehow people that were alive millennia ago had more awareness of Truth than people in the present. Thus Truth has to exist opposite to the will to power, and those who have power don't know the Truth. Those who know the Truth, don't seek power.

Some parts I enjoyed:
-For the narrower [rings] are filled with unmingled fire, And those next upon them with night, and a portion of flame is sent forth; In the midst of these is the goddess who steers all things; For she rules over hateful birth and union of all things, 5 Sending female to mingle with male, and again conversely Male with female...

-Where I am to begin; for I shall return there again.

-What routes oí inquiry alone there are for thinking: The one – that [ it] is , and that [it] cannot not be ,

Profile Image for Ege Atakan.
27 reviews
August 19, 2020
1) Parmenides’in onto-epistemolojik argümanı:

FR.B3.1: ...τὸ γὰρ αὐτὸ νοεῖν ἐστίν τε καὶ εἶναι.
(...zira özdeştir düşünme ile var olma.)

2) Parmenides’te “onto” nun özellikleri:

-Meydana getirilmemiştir
-Yok edilemezdir
-Bütündür
-Biriciktir
-Dingindir
-Bitimsizdir
-Öncesel değildir
-Sonrasal değildir
-Hep şimdidedir
-Birdir
-Kesintisiz süreklilik içindedir
-Doğuşsuzdur

FR.B8.2-14: kaldı ki o da “vardır”dır. Onun üstünde pek çok alametler var: Varlığın meydana getirilmemişliği ve yok edilemezliği, bütünlüğü, biricikliği; hem dinginliği, hem de bitimsizliği; ne önce vardı, ne de sonra var olacak, çünkü şimdidedir, tümden farksızdır, birdir, kesintisizdir: Zira ona nasıl bir doğuş arayabilirsin ki? Nasıl ve nereden büyüyecek? Ne “varlık olmayan”dan (izin vermem demene ve düşünmene çünkü bunu), çünkü söylenebilir ve düşünülebilir değil “değil var.” Hangi mecburiyet tahrik edebilir onu sonra ya da önce hasıl olmaya(eğer yoktan başlanılacaksa)? Dolayısıyla ya mecburdur “var”ın tümden mevcudiyeti ya da var değil. Ne de varlık değilden izin verecektir güvencin gücü kendisinin dışında varın meydana gelmesine. Asla onun uğruna oluşmasına veya yok oluşuna vardırmaz Adalet, zincirlerini gevşeterek.
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