By 1833 Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology had been published. Only three decades earlier, the Reverend Brown’s Self-Interpreting Bible, had also been published. In this earlier work, the cleric had created a timeline describing the history of creation based on the reportage of the Old Testament. It related, of course, to the lengths of lives, the duration of historical events, empires and epochs. As a result, the world learned, definitively, that it had been created in the year 4004 BC and was thus, by 1796, just 5800 years old. Brown wrote that also that in the year 4004 BC that “God created all things, covenanted with mankind; Adam fell into sin, and his posterity in him; God published salvation by Christ, but denounced troubles and sorrows in this life.”
Now, before embarking on the marathon of The Principles of Geology - more on the choice of this term later - it is worth reflecting on precisely what Brown’s act of scholarly documentation signified. For most Jews and Christians - and presumably, most Muslims as well, for they too recognize the book as the word of God - this result of Brown’s painstakingly chronological analysis represented an unknowable but absolute truth, fact beyond question. The great flood was placed by Brown in the year 2348 BC and it lasted for a year, a fact that greatly troubled Lyell and other scientists driven by evidence, rather than by an illusion of ideological certainty.
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And that was that as far as believers were concerned. That was not opinion, but fact, culled from interpretation of the only perfect and therefore unquestionable text known to human beings. The great deluge, by Lyell’s publication year, had ceased just 4281 years before. End of story.
At the start of the book, The Principles of Geology by Sir Charles Lyell, a modern reader may be at first perplexed. Why was is necessary to devote so much time and energy to establishing the more likely reality of geological time, to argue that it spans billions of years? For Lyell, perhaps that might be an infinite number of years, incidentally, rather than the 6000 or so as predicted by Bible study. To appreciate this section of Lyell’s monumental work, the modern reader needs to adopt the position of what we now call a religious fundamentalist, for whom any suggestion that the word of God might be inaccurate or, Lord save us, wrong. To suggest thus was an act of blasphemy, and would surely lead to eternal damnation.
But, systematically, Lyell begins his Principles by doing just that. He questioned received assumptions of his time in a way that perhaps no modern writer is capable of doing, given that we all now accept the existence and relevance of scientific method and the necessity of evidence. The book thus becomes a cultural and historical experience as well as a tour of science.
A reader embarking on Lyell’s Principles of Geology needs to be aware that it does represent a major commitment. The book is immense. It has over 1100 references and 50 chapters. To do it justice, a reader needs to devote weeks, not mere hours and days to the project. And it is rewarding, eventually.
The style is surprising. Lyell’s text reads like a very well-constructed notebook. The very process of analysis and argument is taking place before our eyes, as the author amasses example after example to illustrate the thought processes he is pursuing. There never is a succinct statement of a position followed by justification. On the contrary, the reader takes a world tour to illustrate, measure, predict, and describe how the planet’s inorganic and organic matter are formed, how they interact, where they exist, where they don’t, where they prosper, and where they die. We learn about erosion, volcanoes, specific speciation, extinction, fossilization, sedimentation…tides, winds, run-offs, climate…rivers, seas, oceans, reefs, currents…mountains, coastlines, cliffs… The list could be, and probably is endless.
Lyell’s scholarship is breathtaking. He is a man who painstakingly amassed all this material, chose what he recognized as evidence, sifted it, prioritized it, analysed it, and then presented it. One can almost feel the reasoning process upon which this work is based acting itself out as the work progresses.
It has to be said that a modern reader might begin to baulk the twenty-third description of a process that we already thought had been done to death by the third example, but here the relevant approach is just to go with the flow and, like a tourist, be led to the next site of interest.
Lyell’s book changed the way that the human race viewed the history of the planet on which they lived. It was just one of such works from the first half of the nineteenth century that challenged the blind certainty that religion tries to bring to anything of which it is ignorant. The work is a massive achievement, with the stress on “massive”.