Oh, if only I had these writing skills. The words flow and the picture he paints comes alive in full color. This is a story of a huge Institution called the New York Times. Our author, a gifted writer, spent 10 years there as a reporter, so this story resonates with his many experiences at the Times.
The Times was purchased by Adolph Och in 1896 and followed his vision of what makes a great newspaper until his death in 1935. The Times remained his paper in many ways after his death. Talese describes the philosophies and styles of each manager that succeeded him, yet Och’s influenced their decisions even from the grave.
A tick of Talese that requires a little getting used to involves the discussions of these great newspaper people and how they managed the Times. He gives us an early biographical sketch and then he moves on with his narrative, until the person appears again in the narrative, then he returns to the biography and adds more layers. He describes each department that encompass this newspaper and all the characters who populate it. He describes each department’s function, philosophy, and its leadership since the 1896 purchase.
An interesting profile emerges in the narrative, namely that most staff managers have similar characteristics, they attended Ivy league schools and usually have degrees from the Columbia University, school of journalism. So, between family members prolificating in the organization and staff members with similar backgrounds and education, you end up with a strong sense of conformity. When an idea appears that does not match the cultural conformity of the institution many layers of management are involved in reconciling the issue to follow the Company philosophical principles. Yet, even in this bureaucracy that conforms there are real characters who function in an interesting and sometimes neurotic way, and this creates the magic that is unique to the Times.
The news staffs were largely populated by products of the lower middle class – by liberal Jews and less liberal Irish Catholics from the North, by progressive Protestants from the South and Midwest; and not unexpectedly, by relatively few Italo-Americans. Negroes were only tokenly represented in the newsroom for many obvious reasons. The chemical formula described by Talese that made the Times a great paper included a multi- ethnic culture of blue blood and an up-and-coming reporter who worked hard for a by-line to satisfy their craving for success. But like all big bureaucracies this chemistry created conflicts and egos to manage.
It took a while for this reader to appreciate the Talese sense of humor but once identified the chuckles came often. For instance, Talese describes the pecking order for sitting in the newsroom and that a new employee had to learn this lesson quickly. This room was so vast that managers used binoculars to search out staff, even in the knucks and crannies and behind the numerous poles.
The book begins with an idea that had not occurred to me, but I am sure is common knowledge in the industry. The question is: does the News industry report the news or does it create the news?
This interesting question arose at the Times because of a decision made by a managing editor regarding information the Times had about an invasion of Cuba in 1961. A tense back and forth ensued between editors about whether the invasion story called the Bay of Pigs should be featured on the front page. After much discussion, the managing editor ordered the story to be toned down, moved to less prominent place on the page and its headline minimized and any reference to the imminence of the invasion eliminated. This manager felt that it was in the national interest to withhold these vital facts from the American people and because of the CIA involvement. While everyone complied with his wishes many subordinate editors strongly disagreed. After the invasion had failed, even President Kennedy conceded that perhaps The Times had been overly protective of American interests. The President stated that if the Times had printed all it knew about the Cuban venture beforehand the disastrous invasion, Kennedy thought that the invasion might have been canceled and the bloody fiasco avoided. This is exactly why the question was asked above. The question points to the moral obligation and responsibility of a newspaper to print truth and yet not be involved in the political intrigue or propaganda that can influence the telling of truth. This point was clear in 1961 but not so today. For instance, recently, the Fox News network, a right leaning organization acknowledged that it lied and printed information that it knew was false information about the election of Joe Biden and the defeat of Donald Trump. Its explanation was that the false information generated sales and profits for the news organization. So, by creating controversy they made the news rather than reporting it. This amazing information is one of the themes of this book and the reason for the title, “The Kingdom and the Power.”
Talese provided another interesting observation in his narrative. He stated that “the interests of the New York Times and the Federal government are interrelated. It is neither coincidental nor surprising that the Times would reflect, in miniature, the collective style of the government because the two institutions at the top are shaped by the same forces historically, socially, and economically – what happens to the government inevitably happens to The Times. Should the United States continue as a preeminent power, The Times words will continue to carry weight in the World. Should the United States decline as an international influence, so will The Times”. He points out that the top people in government and the executives of the Times usually participate in the same social circles, and they play together on the same Country Club golf courses. They don’t hesitate to pick up the phones to call each other to discuss the issues of the day and this includes Presidential calls. The view is that both parties have common cause in the preservation of Democracy and the maintenance of the status quo. This very interesting yet strong statement gave me pause, how does this close relationship preclude printing the news outside of the realm of politics?
After the in-depth description of the structure of the Times and its management and worldwide staffing, Talese presented a few interesting human interest stories that illustrate the everyday drama of life as a reporter; Daniel Burros is such a story.
McCandlish Phillips, a religious man and a staff reporter was handpicked to investigate and write this sensitive story. An allegation received anonymously by the Times alleged that Daniel Burros, a member of the Kul Klux clan and an ult-right agitator was a Jew who had experienced the ritual of Bar Mitzvah. Talese uses the Times article to describe how the reporter dogged Burros and then wrote the article that exposed Burros’ background in a front-page story that resulted in Burros taking his own life. This was a compelling and tragic story about a newspaper making the news rather than just reporting the news.
Talese tells another story of a young and gifted correspondent who while on assignment to write a rather forthright article regarding City College student awards added a joke and called it the Brett Award. This story focused this reader on two points regarding the Times. The first, Abe Rosenthal a managing editor noticed the article on page 30, and it was printed in agate type deep within a long list that announced the names of City College students who had received awards; called The Brett Award. It was a joke inserted by a bright and up and coming staffer. The deskmen who had edited and checked the story the night before had overlooked the item, but it was found by the hawkeyed managing editor, and he did not see the humor. Rosenthal felt that the staffers indiscretion violated the Times philosophy of reporting. He called the young man in and fired him yet gave him the opportunity to resign. The second point was how aggressively the managers of the Time protect and uphold the integrity of the paper.
The next story illustrated by Talese was the Kennedy- Manchester lawsuit. The interest in this story is obviously the name recognition of both the Kennedy name and that of William Manchester, a nationally regarded writer. Talese allows the reader to follow the reporter through his investigation and interviews with the principals. Beyond the thrill of rubbing the shoulders with the rich and famous, the reporter and the Times organization experience a great deal of stress by breaking events and the need to be aware of the sensitivities and power of the individuals involved. The reporter who received a great deal of recognition for this work resigned after the events out of exhaustion and disappointment in the editing of his work. This was a story that provided an insider’s view that is so dreaded by the high and mighty.
Pressure at the Times comes in many forms. Deadlines, peer pressure and the desire to advance. Endemic to the Times is the “EF Hutton” syndrome, in other words, when the Times says it, people listen. The Times influences Books, theatre, film, and food. A Times article, review or editorial can have a significant effect, and this adds to the pressure on reporting.
Talese wrote of a great institution. He did it with insight and skill and this book has changed the way I read a newspaper. His focus was the years 1950 through 1960, he explained its leadership and how it covered great events of the period, but one must wonder what is the Times like in 2023? Does it still hold to the principles of it founding father Adolph Och?