I was blessed with a first edition of this book through my local library, and it was a joy to read, both because of its age (92 years old) and because of the poem itself. There were generous blank pages before and after the poem, which isn't really a "long" poem as the description suggested. I was suggesting some epic "Song of Myself" or "The Bridge", but instead got a cozy, wonderful little poem.
The poem is split into 6 sections, with the first and last sections both starting with the same classic lines:
Because I do not hope to turn again
Because I do not hope
Because I do not hope to turn
The poem to me seems to start off as Eliot still being a nonchristian, but open to Christianity. He displays a deep understanding of Christian humility, a desire for a lack of desire, but at the same time a strange notion of time and place, the atheistic eternal present, the attempt to rejoice for things as they are, being content with the World, not seeking God yet, imagining that he can somehow "rejoice, having to construct something / Upon which to rejoice". All with wisdom understand that it's a titanic undertaking to "create your own truth", or make your own meaning for your life, as secularists demand.
There is a strange little bit of ambiguity regarding the point of view in the middle of the first section, when he writes:
And pray to God to have mercy upon us
And [I] pray that I may forget
The first edition and the MIT web version of this section include the [I], while another version doesn't. I remember initially reading the section with an "I" in both lines, until I re-read the section. Is Eliot telling someone else to pray for him, or is he already praying to God? Is this act of prayer his first act as a Christian? I like that it's left ambiguous. We have a similar ambiguity at the end of the first section with the two lines:
Pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death
Pray for us now and at the hour of our death.
The term "sinner" tends to hit non-christians very hard, and many balk at the label ("May the judgement not be too heavy upon us"). This almost feels like a continuation of the aforementioned two about prayer, where one is from his Christian perspective, the other is from his secular perspective, asking someone else to pray for him. Just before this ending, he seems to include himself in the "we" of Christians, saying: "Teach us to care and not to care Teach us to sit still."
At this point, paradox is still holding everything in tension, and the lines are not as lyrical as they soar near the end. Things are in chaos, and, not to toot my own horn, but the next two sections (2 & 3) remind me of my own poetry, of the violent, sudden imagery I like using, of the Stephen Crane-esq, mysterious mini-stories told within these strange images. Section 2 is abounding with imagery from the "valley of dry bones" and how Eliot is violently stripped of his old, sinful flesh, which is eaten by white leopards. Three keywords: white, bones, and leopards continue throughout the section, and the first, "white", continues throughout the poem, especially in section 4. The white gown mentioned in this section could point to the wedding imagery Christ uses concerning judgement (which would tie the judgement of the first section to this section), or it could even refer to the white baptismal gown babies wear when being baptized.
Hauntingly, there are "My guts the strings of my eyes and the indigestible portions / Which the leopards reject", which could refer to original sin or perhaps to the leftover doubts, the bad habits he still has, something that still feels off despite the cleansing feast of the leopards. His bones have wind run through them, Pneuma (Greek: breath = spirit, same word), the spirit of life, the Spirit of God, and they sing a haunting song.
Lady of silences
Calm and distressed
Torn and most whole
Rose of memory
Rose of forgetfulness
Exhausted and life-giving
Worried reposeful
The single Rose
Is now the Garden
Where all loves end
Terminate torment
Of love unsatisfied
The greater torment
Of love satisfied
End of the endless
Journey to no end
Conclusion of all that
Is inconclusible
Speech without word and
Word of no speech
Grace to the Mother
For the Garden
Where all love ends.
These opposites juxtapose into beautiful paradoxes, which are the stuff of religious wisdom and belief. The garden imagery is prevalent, Edenic, and the "cool of the day" refers to the point at which the innocence was detected explicitly by God, when man was made aware of his own loss, his own folly, just as Eliot, a new convert, is blindingly aware. And the fourth section blinds with the brightness... but first we must endure the darkness of the third section.
In this section, we must trudge up the dark stairs with demons on the banisters, fog in the air, stairsteps like shark seeth, damp and drivelling like a gaping old man, like death. And outside, the haunting sound of Pan's lute, of Bacchus, tempting both old Christian and new convert alike, to abandon the stairs, to run out and play. Eliot is sustained by the simple Law and Gospel:
Lord, I am not worthy
Lord, I am not worthy
but speak the word only.
Finally, we escape the stairs, we enter the white and blue of Mary, the spring of water in the desert. It is here, this turning point, at which things become more lyrical, even more fun to read aloud. The entire poem deserves to be read aloud, but especially the second half. The assonance, alliteration, rhyming, repetition, etc. becomes dense enough to capture you and hold you down. But instead you climb atop it and see farther because of it. The movement and walking of the last section continues, and a new riddle is held out to us: "Redeem the time, redeem the dream". Some of these lines densely dance between two vowel sounds, imploring the reader to get up and follow along.
Eliot seems to ram headfirst into the Word being God, and in disbelief at his luck, being a poet, and God, creating with poetry, he falters in a glorious way:
If the lost word is lost, if the spent word is spent
If the unheard, unspoken
Word is unspoken, unheard;
Still is the unspoken word, the Word unheard,
The Word without a word, the Word within
The world and for the world;
And the light shone in darkness and
Against the Word the unstilled world still whirled
About the centre of the silent Word.
This perhaps is wrestling with the dilemma of those who haven't heard about Christ, or perhaps it's just disbelief at how plain it is, how supreme the word is, yet how rarely it's heard. We next have a complaint that nowhere in the world is there enough silence (dude, imagine things about 1,000x worse here in the 21st century), and his complaint travels over all the world. His fears continue from the first part of this section, and his statement at the start is flipped as well:
For those who walk in darkness
Both in the day time and in the night time
The right time and the right place are not her
No place of grace for those who avoid the face
No time to rejoice for those who walk among noise and deny
the voice
Eliot sees himself as now more enlightened, but he must go back, he realizes he must join "the veiled sister", Mary, his fellow members of the Church, traditionally rendered a feminine plural, who must:
pray for
Those who walk in darkness, who chose thee and oppose thee,
Those who are torn on the horn between season and season,
time and time, between
Hour and hour, word and word, power and power, those who wait
In darkness
At the end of the section, Eliot wonders aloud if the "veiled sister" will believe the hardest command of Christ, to pray for those who persecute her (and by extension he wonders at his own ability to do so). At the end of the section they spit out the "bad seed" (as Metallica would word it), and we see a return to the start of the poem, and a return to the world, a reaching out to the World, as we Christians term it, the secular, the hope mentioned in section 1, which had negative echoes in section 3 ("The deceitful face of hope and of despair."). Eliot ultimately finds peace and "centre" in the paradox, in the tension which, once taut, teaches one what one must be taught:
Wavering between the profit and the loss
In this brief transit where the dreams cross
The dreamcrossed twilight between birth and dying
(Bless me father) though I do not wish to wish these things
Eliot is now going to confession, now part of the Christian community, now is communing with the saints, with the "Blessèd sister, holy mother, spirit of the fountain, spirit / of the garden," for it is here, in this paradox, this tension, that He (and we) can:
Teach us to care and not to care
Teach us to sit still
Even among these rocks,
Our peace in His will
And even among these rocks
And my single gripe about this poem, other than that it should have been longer, is that it didn't stop right at "these rocks". The ending after that feels a little pantheistic and bleh, but overall I adore this poem, and I most of all adore how it gains meaning the more times you read it, it wraps right back around to the start at the end. You start to understand the little ways how the tension at the start gets resolved in the second half. This poem has to be some semblance of how it must feel to see God's plan for history laid out, and why everything went the way it did. He'll pull out his compass and draw the lines that connect the dots we were too blind to see. This is faith, a living tension, a living faith, an Ash Wednesday, which, in its own way, is a cyclical day of the cyclical church year, where the palm fronds from the last year's Palm Sunday are used to mark you as one redeemed, along with the "time" and the "dream". Wonderful.