Originally announced as Volume I of The Cambridge History of Central Asia, this book will now be published as a one volume history. (Volumes 2 and 3, previously announced, will not now be published.) This book introduces the geographical setting of Inner Asia and follows its history from the paleolithic era to the rise of the Mongol empire in the thirteenth century. From earliest times Inner Asia has linked and separated the great sedentary civilizations of Europe and Asia. In the pre-modern period it was definable more as a cultural than a geographical entity, its frontiers shifting accORD international scholars who have pioneered the exploration of Inner Asia's poorly documented past, this book chronologically traces the varying historical achievements of the disparate population groups in the region. These include the Scythians and Sarmatians, the Hsiung-nu, the Huns and Avars, the people of the Russian steppes, the Turk empire, the Uighurs and the Tibetan empire. It is the editor's hope that this book will bring Inner Asia more closely into the fabric of world history.
A great volume exploring the whole history and culture of Inner Asian nations and their impact on the world. Concerning the "Huns" who overran much of Europe during the whole series of invasions known as the “Volkerwanderung,” Sinor explains that "Their sole productive activity and at the same time their only marketable skill was military action, in which they excelled ... As a result of either a conscious decision ... or, more likely, of a short sighted policy aimed at short-term advantages, the Hun economy became almost monocultural, with booty and ransoms as its main products." (p. 204)
This is a solid guide to the known history of inner asia, essentially of the peoples of the steppe and forest zones and of the kingdoms and empires that arose before the arrival of the great unifying Mongol Empire in thirteenth century.
It is not an easy book for non-specialists, partly because the paucity of data means much explanation of why so little is known about some events and peoples and then, where there are chronicles and histories, much explanation of various readings of the data.
By the end one finds oneself ultimately in danger of being bored by history - an amazing effect - because what we mostly have is the same persistent cycle of banditry, imperial management, temporary state-building, invasion and collapse repeated almost ad nauseam.
But if we clear away the cycles of impenetrably named tribal kings and their princesses, we have an interesting and persistent model about what happens at the margins of 'civilised' settled empires that holds lessons for us even today.
Strategies of buying off chaos with tribute, princesses or trade or employing military force that gets bogged down in an alien environment or trying both together with alliances and offers of settlement are with us today albeit in other forms.
The very stickiness of the barbarian/civilised relationship lies in the fact that no empire can sustainably conquer even its known world without seeing itself implode from within. On the other hand, no barbarian people can conquer and administer a weak existing empire without becoming its past enemy both culturally and in terms of administrative methods.
This beat of imperial over-reach and the seduction of the invader or the migrant creates something close to our own situation. Humanity comes to appear like some organic thing with its own historical heart beat. We seem to be in the slow decline stage in the West with the barbarians quietly turning into us because we could never conquer them with our legions.
The book only includes scholarship up until the date of publication (1990). While it contains a great deal of Soviet scholarship, one assumes that much more would be added today from the study of Chinese archives.
The book also has the problem of all Cambridge Histories in being very poorly served with maps despite its high level of scholarship. The book needs no photographs but it desperately needs more and better maps.
The tribal movements of the peoples described from the Scythians and Sarmatians to the Kitans and Jurchens (precursors to the Manchu) requires an atlas open for almost every page in order to be fully understood.
The average non-specialist is just going to give up and accept geographical vagueness after a while which is a shame because some decent maps (the ones provided are very poor) might have clarified matters of time and space considerably. Instead we have specialists clarifying matters of orthography and nomenclature for each other. Fine for specialists but not adding much to the education of the public.
This might not seem important but there is important stuff here about the creation of the Hungarian and Turkic peoples, about the Tibetan Empire and the creation of Tibetan culture, about the coming of Islam into Central Asia and about the relationship between imperial states and 'barbarians' that might affect how we see the world today.
Central Asia is still important and was an important battle ground in the imperial struggle for Asia in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century it was subsumed under two tough-minded communist empires and so it was rather treated as marginal to world history.
The collapse of the Russian side of the communist equation permitted a number of Turkic-type Central Asian authoritarian republics to emerge and it has helped to create a problem of Islamic resurgence in China's West. Both Mongolia and Tibet exist as potential players in a Great Game. The zone is now far from marginal.
And Great Game there is with Western interests making intense efforts to drive a spike into the Eurasian Co-Prosperity project, potentially aided by Turkic nationalism driven from Ankara. Recent events have cast the Western strategy in doubt but that is another story.
Inner Asia remains geo-politically important in itself as the central factor in any Eurasian project to bind the Chinese East Coast with the North German plain in one massive economic zone, an outcome which Russia dearly needs and wants.
It is also important as exemplar of the relations between a settled and prosperous centre and a mobile and hungry periphery that seem to be one of the few eternals of human social existence and which have come to the fore again under conditions of globalisation.
This book is thus a useful backgrounder on some of these themes even if it is not the book to answer the more important questions arising from the history it provides.
Detta är en god och översiktlig introduktion till centralasiens historia från stenålder till högmedeltid. För mig som egentligen bara studerat området från imperiernas perspektiv (Kina-Iran-Ryssland/Byzanteum) så var det en enorm fördjupning. Samtidigt är det verkligen en introduktion - man kan inte dra speciellt mycket slutsatsaer ur den, och dess beskrivningar av historiska skeenden är sporadiska, och tjänar mest till att knyta olika nomadkoalitioners regenter till mer bekanta härskares regeringstider.
就本书的结构而言,可惜的是缺少西夏的专章。当时苏联的西夏学专家克恰诺夫(E.I.Kychanov, 1932—2013)仍旧健在,也许适合担当此任。不过后来邓如萍(Ruth W.Dunnell)在《剑桥中国辽西夏金元史》也有专章讨论西夏。[6]关于突厥的部分未能述及沙陀,而回鹘帝国覆灭以后至蒙古帝国兴起以前的回鹘人状况也未有着墨。例如就本书中关于匈奴的考古学、基因学与社会文化缺失的部分,建议读者可以参考狄宇宙(Nicola Di Cosmo)的近作。[7]他运用考古材料,从蒙古国北部的额金河出土的匈奴遗址来看,匈奴人其实是农牧并举的。而就基因而言,从贝加尔湖至蒙古国北方的阿勒泰地区这一线可以画出西部欧亚人群与东亚人群之间有所区别,但是彼此间也存在一些渗透。他也不认为匈奴与汉朝之间存在共同演变的情形,而且匈奴的民族起源和社会制度与秦汉中国之间的关系实际上并不高,建议应该往内亚来寻找其起源。
2.中译本第10页(英文原版第8页),“除非遇到瘟疫、冰冻等自然灾害”,原文为“Unless some natural disaster struck—such as the dreaded jud, the freezing of the pastures”,这里讲到的jud为蒙文,意为严冬的雪灾。指的是冬季草场结冻無法放牧,导致大量牲畜死亡的情况。中译本第171页(英文原版第183页)的“如果这些牧场被霜毁灭”中的“霜”(frostjud),亦应作严冬雪灾理解。
[1] René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, trans., Naomi Walfold, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1970. 中译本参见勒内·格鲁塞著:《草原帝国》,蓝琪译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年。
[2] Gavin Hambly ed., Central Asia, New York: Delacorte Press, 1969. 中译本参见加文·汉布里主编:《中亚史纲要》,吴玉贵译,北京:商务印书馆,1994年。
[3]希罗多德在其《历史》一书中曾经提及,有人认为马萨革泰人属于斯基泰人的一支,但是后来他特意澄清同意妻子滥交的习俗并非斯基泰人所有,而是马萨革泰人的习俗。似乎暗示这两群人其实并不相同。参见Herodotus, The Histories, trans. by Aubrey de Sélincourt, London and New York: Penguin Books, 2005, Book 1, Sec. 201, 216.中文版参见希罗多德:《历史》,王以铸译,北京:商务印书馆,1959年,第1卷,第201、216节。
[4]Christopher I. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. 中译本参见白桂思:《吐蕃在中亚:中古早期吐蕃、突厥、大食、唐朝争夺史》,付建河译,乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2012年。
[5]Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze,“The Liao,” and Herbert Franke, “The Chin dynasty,” in Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett, eds. Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, in Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, eds., vol. 6 of Cambridge History of China, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 43–153, 215–320.中译本参见崔瑞德、克劳斯-彼得·蒂兹:《辽》与傅海波:《金朝》,崔瑞德、傅海波编:《剑桥中国辽西夏金元史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年,第50–117、251–372页。
[6]Ruth W. Dunnell, “The Hsi Hsia,” in Franke and Twitchett, eds. Alien Regimes and Border States,907–1368,in Twitchett and Fairbank, eds., vol. 6 of Cambridge History of China, pp. 154–214.中译本参见邓如萍:《西夏》,崔瑞德、傅海波编:《剑桥中国辽西夏金元史》,第172–250页。
[7] Nicola Di Cosmo, “Ethnogenesis, Coevolution and Political Morphology of the Earliest Steppe Empire: the Xiongnu Question Revisited,” in Ursula Brosseder and Bryuan K. Miller, eds., Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia,Bonn:Vor- und FrühgeschichtlicheArchäologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2011, pp. 35–48.
[8]有关新近支持匈人与匈奴两者间有关联的论调,参见Peter B. Golden, Central Asia in World History, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 33.
[9]A. H. Dani,et al.,History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 6 vols., Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1992–2005. 中译本参见A.H.丹尼等:《中亚文明史》,芮传明等译,6卷,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2002–2013年。
This book has an enormous scope covering with rich detail the histories of Scythians, Sarmatians, the Hsing-nu, the Huns and Avars, the Turk empire, the Uighurs, and the Tibetan empire. The book effortlessly switches from the micro (how did the Manchus get their name?) to the macro (how geography and climate has created enduring patterns in the history of this region). I finished this book dying to continue on the journey and learn about what happens next (Mongols).
For someone with little knowledge of the critical "pivot of the world" - this book has a wealth of knowledge for you. However, it's not too beginner friendly -- you should start with something more approachable (and gather some context / build curiosity) before embarking on this decidedly more academic volume.
However, for an interested soul ready to embark in the depths of history, this book shows the cycles , tragedy, and grandeur of Central Asian history in a way that I haven't seen in any other source. I found myself turning to my friends as I was reading and telling them anecdotes constantly -- there are so many incredible insights here. I was particularly fascinated by the rich geographical details and the journey of the Yuezhi and Kushanas -- a particularly underrated part of history.