I’m no dummy, but this made my brain hurt. In a good way, mostly. Thinking of ethics as contextual makes sense, but has some troubling implications. Considering the socially-constructed nature of the self makes even more sense, but can be a challenge to our gut sense of who we are. Pushing those two together and investigating how the notion of the self as socially constructed informs our ethical decisions is even trickier but was certainly interesting to consider.
My broader interest, and one that I’ve been reading a lot about lately, is how we conceptualize the self. One idea that I find especially compelling is that our sense of self is, essentially, a story that we tell about who we are as people, how our identities were formed, and how we project these narratives into the future. This meshes nicely with Butler’s investigation into selfhood as an “account.” One of her key points, adapted from Adorno, is that the story of the “I” is inherently relational, meaning that an important part of who we are is how we interact with the world and how we relate to social norms. Not to mention that the term story presupposes an audience- we tell the story to an other and so, to take it a step further, “I exist in an important sense for you, and by virtue of you.” This connects the self-narrative with morality, as Nietzsche claimed that the very form of narrative presupposes the self as having causal agency and therefore moral responsibility. A point that I hadn’t considered, taken from Hegel, is that the process of trying to understand the “I” can actually, paradoxically, distance the observing self from what it is trying to observe, as the process of self-reflection changes the self and as it occurs “in a perspective that dislocates the first-person perspective it conditions.” (It almost makes me think that all this reading and pondering I’ve been doing should be replaced by actually living in the moment, but that’s just silly...)
The ethical dimension comes from recognizing the fact that this struggle to understand and express the self is common to everyone and thus, we should be charitable and remember that the self that they present to the world is not necessarily their true self. Butler reminds us that morality is not limited to moral judgements, and that, when we must judge, we should be grounded in our relation to the other and mindful of our shared limitations to avoid simplistic condemnation and “violence... in the name of ethics.” This also, she argues, makes ethical judgments more productive by allowing the subject of those judgments to maintain their autonomy and self-reflection, thus allowing for the possibility of future redemption even in the face of present punishment.
That’s way simplified, but it’s essentially accurate. Butler then complicates things further by adding that the story of the “I” is not just something that we tell ourselves; we incorporate others’ stories about us, either told directly or interpreted from how they treat us, into our self narrative. We also impose this narrative sense on others, in how we conceptualize the “you” whom we address. Butler warns against the risks of fitting things into an easy narrative, of ignoring the form of the account and the supposition of meaning and agency that come with constructing a story of the self, by comparing the unnarrated self to the unconscious which, it seems, we must accept without fully understanding.
There’s a lot more in this dense little book, and a good amount that complicates and critiques what I wrote above, but I won’t presume to go deeper in this review, not wanting to strain my brain further or perplex others. Instead, I refer you to Trevor’s lovely review, the top one on this site.