I picked this up at some point over the years and never got around to reading it. Must've been during my brief "China" phase, but it's a fine book and if representative of the series as a whole, I'd dig into some of the other selections as well. This is the kind of bio that gives you everything you need: a concise picture of Qianlong and China's long 18th century. Like his European contemporaries, Q was every bit the "enlightened despot" and probably more of an exemplar for that idea than most. A savvy politician who realized his Manchuity couldn't help but be a liability, he tried to balance his ethnicity with the Han-majority he ruled over. As a testament to his deftness, at least early in his career, he managed to do this while excoriating his fellow Manchu into reviving their flagging, distinctive way of life, with mixed success. Anyway, it's all here: the western conflicts, the occasional uprisings whose important sequels really came to the fore in the following century, his complex family life, and indulgence in the arts.
Well, well, well. This was surprisingly interesting.
Although the information itself only comprises 167 pages, this was a very long read. It was filled with notable information. I would highly recommend having a highlighter and/or pencil and paper near when reading this.
I can say that after reading this, 18th century Chinese history and culture makes a lot more sense to me now. This was a really great book.
近三十年來,有關乾隆皇帝的中文研究汗牛充棟,其相關傳記約出版有十本以上,而專題研究更是多如牛毛。近年來相關的電視劇(如《乾隆王朝》與《戲說乾隆》)以及二月河以乾隆皇帝為主題所寫的歷史小說等,都受到廣大觀眾與讀者的喜愛。然而在歐美,乾隆皇帝的知名度與其歷史地位相比,實顯得微不足道。因此本書作者美國哈佛大學東亞語言與文明系教授歐立德(Mark C. Elliott)寫了這本西方第一本乾隆皇帝的傳記,讓西方讀者能夠認識這位中國歷史上的著名君主。
與本書主題相同的英文作品,由於本書是西方第一本關於乾隆皇帝的傳記,因此付之闕如。但是早在1974年美國耶魯大學歷史系退休教授史景遷(Jonathan D. Spence)就已經寫了康熙皇帝的傳記,中譯本為《康熙:重構一位中國皇帝的內心世界》。因此透過比較這兩本書,可以略觀四十年來美國清史學界對於清朝皇帝的研究經歷了什麼樣的轉變。史景遷在描寫康熙皇帝時主要仰賴清代實錄與方略等漢文材料,以及耶穌會士的記述,這主要也與當時清代滿、漢文檔案的整理出版尚不發達有關。不過他注意到清朝皇帝的滿洲身份及其政治影響。因此滿漢關係、準噶爾戰爭,以及中西關係(主要是康熙皇帝與教廷間的關係)都是重要的討論重點。這些部分其實也都是歐立德寫乾隆皇帝傳關注之處(不過中西關係主要則聚焦於馬戛爾尼使團上)。然而史景遷主要還是以康熙皇帝的視角來寫作,因此並未如本書一般針對康熙皇帝身處的時代背景進行太多描述,更遑論比較清朝與同時期的歐亞帝國。這一方面是寫作策略的問題,但另一方面也反映了當時西方清史學界主要還處在奠基階段的情況,並且這種將清朝放在世界史來觀察的視角也尚未風行。
這點從本書在論及1793年的馬戛爾尼勛爵(Lord George Marcartney)使團訪問中國一事時,更能看出其與中國學界傳統的評價有所不同。過去中國學界對此一事件的敘述基本上以馬列主義的歷史觀為主軸,認為乾隆皇帝治下的中國正處於封建社會的高峰期,然而已顯露出中衰跡象。而同時代的西方則經歷產業革命與資產階級革命的巨變,英國更挾其先進技術叩關中國。但由於乾隆皇帝的自大心理與愚昧無知,導致中國損失了一個認識外部世界的大好機會。然而本書則指出乾隆皇帝當時事實上不僅熟悉西方地理,同時也清楚當時歐洲法、俄兩國內部的情勢。因此比較好的解釋是他事實上是故意展現他對於遠方的英國興致缺缺,因為當時的清朝整體來說是一個和平且富有的國家,乾隆皇帝一方面年事已高,心有餘而力不足,此外似乎也沒有迫切的需要去了解西方。此外,作者的高足、現任美國威廉與瑪麗學院歷史系助理教授馬世嘉(Matthew W. Mosca)在去年出版的新書《從邊疆政策到外交政策:印度問題與清代中國地緣政治的轉變》(From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China)中,透過整合廓爾喀(今尼泊爾)方面的情報與馬戛爾尼勛爵在與英國本土的通訊中所表達的顧慮,說明了至少在馬戛爾尼使團訪問北京前後,清朝已經認識到英國在印度與廣州的勢力。只是受限於不同語文的資訊在中譯上的整合有困難,以及清朝邊疆政策較為分權化的限制等等,因此清朝對英國的認識仍屬有限,但並非如過去所想的對外界一無所知。
作者在結論中提到了乾隆皇帝所面對的五種矛盾:1) 乾隆皇帝以馴服蠻夷與殖民邊疆來解決國內逐漸惡化的人口問題,但是卻反而造成了環境退化,對後代造成負面影響;2) 乾隆皇帝雖然提高了人民的生活水平,但是在他治下的最後二十年卻也是官員腐敗最嚴重的時期;3) 乾隆皇帝雖然在口頭上強調滿漢一家,但是他的行為卻一直是偏向滿洲的;4) 乾隆皇帝雖然贊助了許多文化工程,但同時也有許多作品在這些工程中遭到毀棄或刪改;5) 乾隆皇帝努力維持帝國的統一,但這卻是以犧牲成千上萬的人命與文化多樣性為代價的。從歷史的後見之明來看,當代中國與18世紀的清朝所面對的矛盾其實仍舊有相似之處(第242-243頁)。本書作者認為乾隆皇帝最大的失敗是晚期寵信和珅,導致中央大權逐漸流入官員之手,皇權受到嚴重削弱。但是這並不能完全歸咎於乾隆皇帝,因為大一統國家中永遠存在著意欲集權的中央與試圖自治的地方兩者間的緊張關係。而這種緊張關係也同樣存在於當代中國,因此回顧清朝的歷史經驗也許有助於我們理解當代中國的問題並尋求對策。 2009年出版的《共享的現代性歷史:中國、印度與鄂圖曼帝國》(Shared Histories of Modernity: China, India & the Ottoman Empire)一書也許有助吾人回顧清朝的歷史經驗。該書由土耳其海峽大學經濟史與政治經濟學教授伊湖麗(Huri Islamoğlu)與美國耶魯大學歷史系教授濮德培(Peter C. Perdue)主編。該書的主題是比較早期現代的大清帝國、鄂圖曼帝國與莫臥兒帝國在現代化過程中的發展歷程。在邊疆政策上,該書認為與缺乏政策彈性的現代中央集權國家相較,前述三個歐亞帝國透過地方分權與協商而得以在邊疆政策上取得成功。即便在協商破裂後不得不訴諸武力,但是這些帝國皆未試圖壓制所有的反抗。換句話說,對這些皇帝而言,使用武力是為了迫使對手坐上談判桌並臣服在其權力下,而不是為了一勞永逸地消滅反抗者。
不過書中有幾處手民之誤仍舊有澄清的必要。例如書中第21頁提及沙俄的羅曼諾夫(Romanov)王朝誤植為羅馬帝國;第93頁提到的蒙古馬琴一般中譯為馬頭琴;第126頁圖中提及兩次廓爾喀戰役時,誤作廊爾喀;第212頁處提及頗羅鼐之子珠爾默特那木札勒誤植為珠爾默特那木所勒。第256頁提及朱誠如誤植為朱誠儒;第261頁提及博格爾的《空虛的帝國》與第258頁的白瑞霞之《虛靜帝國》實為同一書;Evelyn Rawski的中文名習慣譯為羅友枝,而非本書中用的羅有枝;而第259頁提及Nicola Di Cosmo誤作Nicola Di Cosma;最後第104與108頁述及轉輪王(chakravartin)與文殊菩薩(Mañjuśrī)兩者的梵文名稱時,有混用的情形。然而這兩者雖同為乾隆皇帝的形象,但並非同一神話人物的異稱。
If you want an excellent Qing-Dynasty-history-of-China 101, look no further. Elliott gives a measured and thorough overview of Qianlong's reign, covering political, social and artistic developments. Qianlong's appreciation of western art and architecture stands in fascinating contrast to his protectionist stance with Lord Macartney's embassy. His achievements in conquest, consolidation of his empire, and the care of his ancestors' ideals makes for an an enlightening read.
"What kind of man was Qianlong? In the pages of this book can be found many parts of the answer: He was intelligent, industrious, and dutiful; vain, obsessive, and choleric."
A biography of one of the most famous Chinese Emperors. With enough background information given you get both a sense of the world he lived and of his own personality. I wished only a little more detail on his personal life and anecdotal of his life.
Well researched and interesting, I just find Elliott's writing style infuriating. I feel bad giving this book only two stars, but that is less a reflection on the scholarship and more on my qualms with the reading experience.
The best--absolutely best--biography of a Chinese emperor I've ever read. While a number of new hefty biographies have been released on Chinese emperors (such as Perpetual Happiness and Patricia Ebrey's Emperor Huizong), this little volume by Professor Mark C. Elliott on the best known emperor of the Qing, surpasses them all. It is concise, well-written, insightful, and elegantly (and eloquently) doesn't allow a statement to pass without an example. If only more historical biographies would use this device! I learned more about China during the 17th and 18th centuries in these 166 pages on Qianlong's life and rule than the many standard histories of the Qing I've read. Elliott's wonderful, illustrative examples make this book into a page-turner. I confess I had not expected such a rich experience from a volume in a series of "World Biographies" (a Longman series). If only Elliott would write similar volumes for all the Qing emperors who have been woefully neglected in favor of the Tang, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
Were you also told that the name of the dynasty (Qing) meant in Chinese 'pure and bright'? Professor Elliott, one of the very very few scholars who is fluent in Manchu, informs us that "in the Manchu language the new name [it used to be called simply Manju or 'Manchu'] was Daicing, which in both Manchu and Mongolian means "warrior." (p. 55) Did you know that Qianlong would probably have preferred his youngest daughter Hexiao, born in 1775 when he was 64 years old, to follow him on the throne rather than his 15th son (the only son of 17 who was even remotely qualified)? That despite his fame as an astute art collector and artist, his own paintings were quite mediocre (although his calligraphy was exceptionally fine)? His chapters on the socio-economic policies followed by Qianlong shed an entire new light for me on current Chinese history and the Party's policies. I won't write more because if you're interested enough in this subject to be reading this review, you MUST read this volume.
Finally, the "Bibliographic Essay" at the back of the book is one of the finest bibliographies I've ever seen on the Qing Dynasty. Its short synopses of reference materials (in Chinese and English) is worth its weight in gold and has sifted for all of us, the wheat from the chaff.
Cool bio about an important historical figure that most people (like me) have never heard of. The book also includes a surprising amount of historical background about Qing China up until the end of Qianlong's reign.
A very informative but not difficult book. Unfortunately a lot of history books can be a bit of a slog to get through, but this book is easy to read. It doesn't describe Qianlong's life in chronological order, instead breaking it up into various themes, for example family, empire, and Manchu success. It was a little jarring at first, but overall I think it made events clearer. I think that some familiarity with imperial Chinese history and culture is necessary to fully understanding the book, but a general background is pretty sufficient.