So much of academic drawing teaching is focused on learning how to draw shapes as shapes, rather than things (people’s faces, hands etc) that I really had forgotten – or never realised – that a lot of it IS invented. Hale quite sniffily makes this clear when he points out that Renaissance artists hardly had rearing stallions in their studios. It is quite liberating, and also explains why there’s so few cast shadows about! I have heretofore struggled mightily with the nose cast shadow and now I have permission to edit it at will.
Other gems:
‘If the movement of light and shade clearly indicates that a form faces in a certain direction, then the same tones on another part of the form will give the illusion of facing in the same direction.’
‘[...] the way to bring the front form forward is to intensify the contrast between the planes of the front form.’
‘Remember, highlights should not be violated by darks.’
‘It is a very good thing to visualise heads without noses because noses disturb the front plane.
‘The rule, up plane light, down plane dark, is based on the fact hta light almost always comes from above, as from the sun, skylights, and lamps.’
‘Study tones on white things first. Tones on coloured things confuse a beginner.’
‘Similarly, if he wishes to draw an eye, he will simply run lines over a sphere, and eyelids will appear. The shade on the sphere, of course, will influence the shade on the lids.’
‘Beginners always feel that all details are created equal and that it is thoroughly undemocratic to put details in their proper place. But this liberal belief leads to disaster. Of course a drawing must have details. But the student must realise that their impact must be subordinated or intensified at times. And sometimes they are selected, invented, or even eliminated altogether. These procedures require the deepest resources of the artist.’
‘[Leonardo] shows you that the front of the eyeball, on the side view, may be as far back as the end of the mouth; that the outer corner of the eye may be as far back as the point of the cheekbone.’
‘Shadows cast by the principle light never fall on side planes. Shadows cast by reflected light may fall on side planes, but they are seldom permitted to do so.’
‘The form of the hair is the interior plane of a cylinder, with the direct light causing the highlight. The curl is a cylinder, as curls so often are, with the highlight taking its proper place.’
‘Pretend the foot is on the lawn, and put up a croquet wicket to represent [the tarsus meeting the metatarsals] arch. Then draw a line on the lawn itself, where the distal ends of the metatarsals reach the ground. Then draw lines to represent the movement of the metatarsals. This will give you a nice sense of the dorsum of the foot.’
‘The distance from the pit of the neck to the top of the ensiform cartilage [at the bottom of the sternum], if doubled, will give you the bottom of the ribcage. Since artists have a hard time deciding where the bottom of the ribcage is, this is a convenient bit of information.’
‘The really hard thing about drawing is that you have to think of so many things at once. But this is true of many skills, such as playing a musical instrument, speaking a language, or designing a building. It is evident that we humans are so organised that we can cope with these tasks, provided we take the time and trouble.’
‘Actually, I suppose the forms we draw are just thoughts with lines around them.’