Introduction: Crossing the Threshold
“Argumentative writing is writing that reasons its way to a conclusion. It addresses ideas that the writer takes seriously enough to want to explore and support with good reasons.” (John T. Gage)
p.xiii – All learning involves some kind of movement from surface to depth; that’s just the normal development trajectory, the struggle toward mastery we experience in our “zone of proximal development.”
In “Threshold Concepts and Troublesome Knowledge,” Jan H.F. Meyer and Ray Land describe a threshold concept “as akin to a portal, opening up a new and previously inaccessible way of thinking about something” (2003, 1). Once learned, threshold concepts are difficult to unlearn because they transform the way we think about our subject matter – and sometimes our world. For instance, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is a threshold concept that changes how we view the life sciences.
p.xv – What is rhetoric? – Rhetoric targets the conventions and processes of high academic literacy, including the sophisticated responsiveness to context that characterizes college and workplace writing. Writing rhetorically means writing with the attention to argument, purpose, audience, authority, and style demanded by academic texts. It means discovering, as Aristotle explains, the best available means of persuasion – such as the skillful use of evidence and appeals. In the rhetorical tradition, argument and persuasion go hand in hand. We make arguments to persuade people.
p.xvi – You might think of rhetoric as the Swiss Army knife of critical communication, of which argument comprises several blades.
p.xviii – Arguments try to accomplish something: they seek a specific outcome, a change in people’s actions and beliefs – such as now recklessly wasting paper towels. And to change people, we have to understand them. We have to anticipate their concerns and objections and know the opportune moments and best means to make our pitch. Rhetoric teaches us how to do these things.
Erika Lindermann, A Rhetoric for Writing Teachers (2001, 40-41): “When we practice rhetoric, we make decisions about our subject, audience, point of view, purpose, and message. We select our best evidence, the best order in which to present our ideas, and the best resources of language to express them.”
p.xx – Helping students to read and write rhetorically is thus largely about bringing the conversations they’re joining to life. We want students to transform the two-dimensional surface of a written text into a three-dimensional social world. There’s a thrill of discovery in finding that writers read other writers, share ideas and audiences, talk back to their critics, and comment on each other’s work.
p.xxi – “Writing involves other people.” (Charles Bazerman, The Informed Writer: Using Sources in the Disciplines, 1995, 2)
p.xxiii – Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Junot Diaz says we are our best selves when we respond deeply to art; a slow, careful study of great writing can fill readers with joyful, self-forgetting admiration and interest – and can engage reluctant students in exciting textual discoveries despite their best defenses.
Chapter 1 – Starting with Open-Minded Inquiry
“The beginning of all discourse is a topic, a question, a problem, an issue.” (Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors)
Points to Remember:
1. Academic writing begins with academic reading.
2. When we read and write for academic purposes, we join a conversation already in progress.
3. Reading “with the grain” enhances our ability to understand the arguments of other writers.
4. Argumentation involves asking and answering questions.
5. The question at issue is the point of disagreement – or pivot point – on which an argument hinges.
6. Knowing the kinds of questions writers can ask helps us to identify arguments more easily.
7. Open-minded reading and listening are essential preparation for academic writing.
8. A well-developed questioning habit is a key trait of college-ready students.
Prompts for Pairs Conversations:
1. How do you know if something is true or only an opinion?
Chapter 6 – Analyzing and Integrating Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
p.136 – Think of the kinds of questions your students ask you about a big argument essay you’ve assigned:
• How long does it have to be?
• Do I have to use direct quotations?
• Can I use I in my writing?
• Do I have to include a works-cited list?
• Is it OK to tell a personal story?
• Do I have to talk about the other side?
p.137 – Directions to students: skim a few articles or books from the field of English studies, paying special attention to how scholars in this field make their arguments. You don’t have to figure out what the scholars are saying at this point; just notice their style and strategies in general. Then answer the following questions with a partner or in small groups:
• Do scholars currently use the first-person pronoun (I) in their writing?
• Do they include anecdotes?
• Do they support their arguments with evidence? If so, what kind of evidence?
• Do they document their sources using MLA style?
Chapter 7 – Aristotle’s Guide to Becoming a “Good” Student
p.181 – Focus more on habits and identity – Nurturing students’ academic habits and identities can be an important place to start. Aristotle says that “we are completed through habit;” in other words, we are what we practice. He gives several examples: “We become just by doing just actions, temperate by doing temperate actions, brave by doing brave actions.” If we accept this idea, then we have to believe that students become independent and critical thinkers by repeatedly doing independent and critical brain work. Aristotle also points out that teachers are needed to help habituate citizens into positive social roles because we are not born a “good” or “bad” anything.
p.184 – How does self-perception affect performance? – Kids who see themselves as “good” students tend to trust their efforts. Because they believe in their ability to adapt and learn, these students have a high sense of “self-efficacy.” We can think of self-efficacy as a kind of faith in future results; it’s a student’s belief that, through personal effort, he or she can master new knowledge and skills. The idea of self-efficacy also reflects an understanding that academic competency is an acquired – not a natural – ability.
Being college and career ready means being able to engage, resist, and reshape academic communities and conversations – and not be marginalized by them.