"During an era that no one still living actually remembers, but everyone seems to yearn for, Yonkers was a great city.” So writes Lisa Belkin in Show Me a Hero.
I came to this book by way of the HBO mini series of the same name. The Show Me a Hero mini series was co-written by David Simon — the man who created The Wire and Tremé. Both were gripping and compelling. I found this latest mini series to be the same. I now live in Mount Vernon, which, borders Yonkers. Before watching the mini series, and then reading the book upon which it was based, I knew very little detail about this housing fight.
Yonkers was one of many large, northern cities that remained segregated well into the 1970s and 1980s. In 1980, the Justice Department and the NAACP brought a lawsuit against the city, charging Yonkers with having a segregated school system that was based on a segregated housing plan that had been laid out more than 40 years before. For four decades, all public housing was kept within one square mile in the southwest corner of the city. Other big cities in the north and south were accused of doing the same thing, including Rochester, N.Y., but Yonkers fought the Justice Department, while other cities made concessions. Yonkers was eventually court ordered to built low income housing in the eastern parts of the city — east of the Saw Mill River. The court reminded the city that it had already accepted federal funds to build low-income housing on the east side, but had delayed construction for years. When the mandate finally came, east-side homeowners rebelled. It is rare that city council meetings make national news — but the screaming protestors, and subsequent death threats, were covered by major newspapers and the major networks. Most certainly some of the Yonkers residents in the east side were racists, but some were not. Some who lived in the west side's low income housing were drug dealers and gang members, most were not.
As the author notes about the east side home owners, “Many of them had also lived a ball’s throw from Yankee Stadium [in the Bronx], more recently than [Judge] Sand, and then fled to Yonkers as their neighborhoods became emblems of urban decay.” They didn’t want the poor planning of the Bronx to be repeated in Yonkers.
At the center of the controversy was Nick Wasicsko, who, at 28, was the youngest mayor of a major American city. He was naive, to say the least. He came into office in 1987 promising to fight the housing mandate. He promised to appeal the decision already handed down. He pandered to the voters’ fear of integration and basically did what he needed to do to unseat his opponent — Angelo Martinelli. Martinelli had been mayor for six terms at that point, had told the voters that the housing was inevitable. He was right. After only five days in office, Wasicsko was told that Yonkers had no chance of appeal. The court order would stand. The federal judge later added crippling fines to the city for each day it did not offer a plan to build the housing. Adding to the complexity was the judge’s own naiveté — a belief that somehow just building housing with no real work on social fabric would somehow cure the wrongs of racism. Wasicsko had to face his constituents to tell them that America was a “nation of laws,” and that the city would have to abide by the law. He changed his stand and became a supporter of the housing. For that he received death threats, was spit on, and was eventually voted out of office.
The author lays out the story through the eyes of the politicians, but also several women and children who lived in the various low-income projects, and who aspired to a better life. For some, moving into the new housing —which was eventually built on five sites throughout east Yonkers — was life changing. For Mayor Wasicsko, it ended a promising career.
City planning is an art. The author focuses on the work and theories of Oscar Newman, a planner who believed that low-income housing should be devoid of common areas that allow for onsite crime. He believed that there was more dignity and safety in giving each family their own space — front steps, a back yard. His Defensible Space theory has since been embraced by planners, but it was a new and more costly experiment in Yonkers several decades ago. I certainly recommend this book and the series. This is an important part of the urban American story.