La Dynamique du capitalisme

by Fernand Braudel

Ce court livre de Fernand Braudel constitue une excellente introduction à l'une de ses œuvres majeures, intitulée Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme, ouvrage essentiel de l'histoire économique et fruit de vingt années de travail. Du XVe au XVIIIe siècle, pas moins de quatre siècles de l'économie préindustrielle sont interrogés à l'échelle mondiale.

Dans cette œuvre ambitieuse, l'historien met l'accent sur les équilibres et les déséquilibres profonds du long terme. Tout d'abord, sur les rigidités, les inerties et les pesanteurs d'une économie encore élémentaire, celle de la quasi-autarcie paysanne

Puis, sur sa coexistence avec les mouvements minoritaires et limités, bien que puissants, d'une économie de marché et d'un capitalisme en expansion, encore engloutis dans le domaine de la vie matérielle.

Enfin, Braudel reconstruit le puzzle de l'économie-monde, en liant l'évolution du capitalisme à l'histoire générale du monde, s'affirmant sous le signe de l'inégalité.

Genres: History, Economics, Nonfiction, Politics, Sociology, Philosophy, France

120 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1985

About the author

Fernand Paul Achille Braudel was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the Annales School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950. As the dominant leader of the Annales School of historiography in the 1950s and 1960s, he exerted enormous influence on historical writing in France and other countries.

Braudel has been considered one of the greatest of the modern historians who have emphasized the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history. He can also be considered as one of the precursors of world-systems theory.

Reviews

[André · Rating 3 out of 5]

Fernand Braudel, a 20th century renowned academic, presented a set of three conferences made in 1977, in the University of John Hopkins, USA, and turned into this book. The book is divided into three chapters. Throughout the book, Braudel explores briefly the difference between Capitalism and Market economy and explores the evolution of these two definitions. In a later part of the book, the writer depicts the different economic centres and how they have changed throughout the centuries. The academic author makes an insightful description of the economic centres in Europe, starting with Genoa, Florence, Antwerp, Venice, Amsterdam, and London. In a much later part, he explains, deeply, in a chronological way, the impact of these cities in an economic point of view. Fernand Braudel concludes his book by describing the impacts of the Industrial Revolution and its consequences, as well as a final conclusion regarding the consequences and effects of the Capitalism system. Overall, it's a very informative book regarding this subject. The author describes decently the technical difference between Capitalism and Market economy in a historical point of view. The author manages to express his ideas, briefly, but without entering into many details.

[Samuel · Rating 5 out of 5]

Veľmi sa teším, že sviatky a predĺžené prázdniny ponúkajú možnosť prečítať si vecičky, ku ktorým som sa celý rok nedostal a ktoré za to naozaj stoja. Dynamika kapitalizmu je krásna historická esej o dejinách kapitalizmu z pera francúzskeho historika Fernanda Braudela. Tento velikán francúzskej a svetovej historiografie v nej ponúka veľmi vzrušujúce čítanie a facinujúce popisy zvyčajne trochu nudných hospodárskych dejín. Tu sa však nenudíte ani chvíľku, pretože grafy a čísla nahradili obrazy sveta, v ktorom sa obchoduje, vymieňa, občas zavádza a klame, ale hlavne vytvára systém, ktorému dnes hovoríme kapitalizmus.

A Braudel si je vedomý, že tento moderný pojem má svoje problém, ba dokonca pre obdobie, ktoré ho zaujíma, môže ísť čisto o anachronizmus, ktorý do neho vôbec nepatrí. Aby som však nepredbiehal, kľúčové pre pochopenie tejto eseje je Braudelove rozdelenie ekonomiky na materiálny sver, tržné hospodárstvo a kapitalizmus, pričom slovo kapitalizmus používa hlavne preto, lebo potreboval nejaké iné slovo ako tržné hospodárstvo, ktoré by popísalo činnosti, ktoré podeň spadajú. Okrem toho je dôležité povedať, že obdobie, ktoré rozoberá, sa dotýka hlavne 16. až 18. storočia.

Braudel rozlišuje medzi kontrolovaným, predvídateľným, pravidelným obchodom a naopak, nekontrolovaným, nepredvídateľným a nepravidelým, pričom zatiaľ čo prvý prevláda v nižšom stupni obchodu, druhý prevláda v najvyššom stupni. Anglickí historici rozlišujú medzi public a private marketom, Braudel to druhé slovo nahráda contra-marché (protitrhom), v ktorom nie je veľký priestor pre konkurenciu. Sú to podomoví obchodníci, zjednávači za mestom či z krčiem, ktorí následne prichádzajú so zjednaným tovarom na trh a po dohode tovar predávajú, ale hlavne sa jedná o diaľkový obchod, ktorý v danej dobe nie je možné kontrolovať. Ak nevýjde jedno miesto, stačí presedlať inam a nikto plaviacu sa loď nezastaví. Z týchto obchodov následne vzišli zisky, vďaka ktorým daní veľkoobchodníci nahromadili kapitál, ktorý ihneď investujú a bohatnú. Kapitalizmus v Braudelovom ponímaní, vzišiel práve z tohto prostredia.

Knihu odporúčam prečítať jednak práve kvôli týmto dejinám kapitalizmu, ktoré pozývajú premýšľať nad kapitalizmom. Zároveň je to veľmi dobre napísané, takže sa to číta samo, má to krásnu štruktúru, nie je to dlhé. Braudel v závere taktiež ponúka svoje pohľady na moderný kapitalizmus, ktoré sú však trochu rýchlo odbité a nerozpracované do hĺbky, ale taktiež ponúkajú podnety na premýšľanie. Dovolím si povedať, že Dynamika kapitalizmu je knižkou, ktorú by som zaradil medzi zatiaľ top 10 historických kních, ktoré som mal tú česť držať vo svojich rukách a viesť s nimi dialóg. Neviem, či som bol schopný k tomuto dialógu nejak kvalitne prispieť, ale to už je iný príbeh.

[Kuszma · Rating 4 out of 5]

Van abban valami szürreális, amikor Braudel tündökletes, franciás stílusa egy olyan magas szárazanyagtartalmú üggyel találkozik, mint a gazdaságtörténet. Amúgy ez az úr, mint megtudtam, a XX. századi történelemtudomány egyik megújítója, aki elvetette azt a szemléletet, hogy a történelmet nagy eseményeken és nagy formátumú figurákon keresztül kell vizsgálni – ő inkább úgy látja, a lassú változások érdemesek vizsgálatra, mert azok mozgatják a világot. Ezzel például mélységesen egyetértek. Persze könnyebb úgy beállítani a dolgokat, mintha mondjuk a magyar történelem elrendezhető lenne a honfoglalás – Mohács – rendszerváltás háromszögben, de a mélyebb megértéshez nem ezeket a látványos kataklizmákat kell tüzetesen szemrevételezni, hanem a hozzájuk vezető folyamatokat, hisz végtére is utóbbiak okozzák a kirobbanó eseményeket, nem pedig fordítva. Másik kacifántja Braudelnek, hogy utálja a szűk definíciókat, ami sajátos, hogy azt ne mondjam, folyós tudományos szöveget hoz létre. De ezzel az elvével is egyetértek. Vonzó persze bizonyos jelenségeket egyszavas fogalmi börtönbe zárni, mondjuk ráaggatjuk a kapitalizmus címkét, és minden meg van oldva, de a helyzet az, hogy maga a fogalom előbb-utóbb úgyis kimászik a megjelölés alól, és lám, a definíció máris pontatlan. Ma ezt értjük kapitalizmus alatt, holnap meg már egészen mást, de mi mégis ragaszkodunk a jelöléseinkhez, ami hibákhoz vezet. Persze kell a definíció, hogy megértessük, most, ebben a pillanatban miről beszélünk, de Braudel világában mindig újra és újra definiálni kell a fogalmakat – ami persze hosszadalmas procedúra, de aligha elkerülhető. Meg aki szeret folyton definiálni, mint én, annak kifejezetten örömet okoz.

Amúgy meg a könyv arról szól, hogy a piacgazdaság (a fogyasztás és termelés közötti kapocs) és a kapitalizmus (a piacgazdaság felülről, mesterségesen történő manipulálása) nem ugyanaz. Meg hogy miért pont Európában alakult ki, Kínában meg miért nem*. Érdekes.

* Mázli, hogy pont most olvastam a Szép asszonyok egy gazdag házban-t. Szépen támasztják alá és értetik meg a szépirodalomban ábrázolt szituációk a braudel-i állításokat a kínai piac magába zártságával kapcsolatban.

[Yazeed AlMogren · Rating 1 out of 5]

الكتاب الثاني من اصدار دار الكتاب الجديد المتحدة الذي قمت بقراءته خلال هذا الشهر وبنفس مستوى الترجمة، الترجمة مريعة تجعل الكتاب غير مفهوم وتشعر بأنك تقرأ لغة اخرى مكتوبة بأحرف عربية، قمت بإرسال هذه الرسالة الأكترونية لدار النشر في لبنان طالبًا منهم احترام عقل القارئ العربي:


(الإخوان في دار الكتاب الجديد المتحدة

تحية طيبة

قرأت لكم إصدارين من الكتب الأول كان “الإمبراطورية الرومانية” ترجمة: جورج كتوره والثاني “ديناميكية الرأسمالية” ترجمة: شريف محسن وفي اعتقادي بأن وصف الترجمة بالسيئة هو إطراء لما قمتم به.

أرجو احترام عقل القارئ العربي وبذل القليل من الجهد في ترجمة الكتب الأجنبية وجعلها مفهومة على الأقل واذا لم تستطيعوا فالرجاء كل الرجاء الحفاظ على البيئة

وعدم استخدام الورق لأصدار كتب بمثل هذه الترجمات المريعة، لو علمت الأشجار أنها ستقطع لتتحول الى ورق يصنع منها مثل هذه الكتب لصاحت طلبًا لإحراقها قبل قطعها

شكرًا لكم)

[Diego · Rating 5 out of 5]

Una lectura corta pero muy aguda sobre la evolución del capitalismo desde siglos antes de la revolución industrial. La dinámica del capitalismo a pesar de su brevedad ofrece algunas de las partes esenciales del análisis de Braudel sobre la vida material en su obra Civilización Material, económica y capitalismo.

Algunos conceptos como el de economía mundo vs economía mundial siguen siendo importantes cuando se consideran bajo la luz del mundo globalizado de nuestros días. Y el llamado a estudiar las dinámicas de la concentración del ingreso, la riqueza y el patrimonio siguiendo a su contemporaneo Simon Kuznets hoy es una idea más que reivindicada por todos los economistas e historiadores económicos que estudian el fenómeno de la desigualdad.

Una lectura muy rápida y muy recomendable.

[Mike Peleah · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book (in fact collection of three lectures) provides a tasty hors d'œuvre for the massive corpus of Braudel--Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century. Looking on economy from historical perspective, Braudel provides comprehensive analysis, going well beyond what "economics" offer. The book was published back in 1977 and reading it roughly half a century later makes and interesting experience, as many things in book resonate well with contemporary reality.

[José Augusto Miranda · Rating 4 out of 5]

This short book is the abstract of Braudels Magnum Opus "Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th century" Each chapter addresses one of the volumes of the book. The booklet brings us the braudelian approach to the history of capitalism and global history. Its a milestone, impossible for one to ignore it.

Braudel brings us a three-stage analysis of capitalism. First, there is material life, agriculture, handicrafts, and local markets. Then, we have the market economy, when the middleman appears. Its the begging of the fairs and open markets and the slow integration of markets in Europe. A market economy also brings notions of profit and scale production. The final stage is capitalism. The long-distance trade, the abstractification of the exchanges, full monetization, Stock Markets, contracts, insurance.

All of this was pervaded by the need of capitalism for a State. A not so strong State, but a state that could assure merchants some stability, continuity and, above all, monopolies. Strong Merchants couldn't get to the capitalist stage without the help os States, and States who became powerful did so because of capitalistic practices.

The book ends with Braudel's argument on World-Economies. From important city-states to important nation's capitals, the capitalism spread throughout the world through these cities Venice, Antwerp, Genova, Amsterdam, London, New York. For the author, there is where capitalism could articulate distant parts of the world and became what it is today.

Braudel wants to show us that capitalism is not an ideology, nor a set os economic practices, but a process in which we build social, political, and cultural sense on the material life daily exchanges.

Do not stop here. Go to the big trilogy and you will feel rewarded!

PS: the Brazilian edition has a lot of problems. Try the english version if you can.

[Andrea Fiore · Rating 4 out of 5]

"In breve, nel 1650 l'economia-mondo europea appare come la risultante della giustapposizione e della coesistenza di diverse forme di società che vanno da quelle già capitalistiche, come l'Olanda, a quelle basate sul servaggio o sulla schiavitù, situate ai livello più bassi della scala gerarchica. Questa simultaneità, questo sincronismo ci obbligano a rimettere in discussione ancora una volta tutti i problemi. Il capitalismo vive, in effetti, di questa regolare suddivisione in piani verticali: le zone periferiche nutrono quelle intermedie e, soprattutto, le aree intorno al centro. Ma cos'è il centro se non la punta estrema della piramide, la superstruttura capitalistica dell'intera costruzione? E siccome esiste una reciprocità di prospettive, se il centro dipende dai rifornimenti della periferia, quest'ultima, a sua volta, dipende dai bisogni del centro che le impone la sua legge. Dopo tutto è l'Europa occidentale che ha trasferito - reinventandole - le forme dell'antico modello della schiavitù nei territori del nuovo mondo e che ha «indotto», per le esigenze della sua economia, il secondo servaggio nell'Europa dell'Est. Di qui prende rilievo l'affermazione di Immanuel Wallerstein: il capitalismo è una creazione dell'ineguaglianza del mondo; perché possa svilupparsi gli è necessaria la connivenza dell'economia internazionale. Il capitalismo è figlio dell'organizzazione di uno spazio sicuramente smisurato. Non sarebbe divenuto così forte in uno spazio limitato, forse non si sarebbe sviluppato affatto, senza la possibilità di utilizzare il lavoro ancillare di altri."

[Nastasya Poney · Rating 4 out of 5]

A must read for whoever wants to have an historic insight of capitalism's development.
I was especially interested in the difficult but fundamental distinction between market economy and capitalism.

The book is short and written in a very pleasant and flowing style from an outstanding pedagogue (and story teller?)

[Berrak Yalınkılınç · Rating 4 out of 5]

Kitap Braudel’in bir üniversitede verdiği konferansta yaptığı konuşmaların metinleriden oluşuyor. Bazı kısımları çok genel olsa da açıklayıcı, kısa ve öz diyebilirim.

[Jacques · Rating 4 out of 5]

Traktuję to jako wprowadzenie do trylogii i czuję się zachęcony!

[Önder Kurt · Rating 4 out of 5]

Büyük tarihçinin bu kısa kitabında, kapitalizm hakkında kesin doğru olarak kabul tezleri sorguluyor. Aşağıdaki birkaç örnekte olduğu gibi:


“serbest rekabetin egemen olduğu eski kapitalizmin belirgin özellig-i malların ihraç edilmesiydi Tekellerin egemen oldu­ ğu bugünkü kapitalizmin belirgin özellig-i sermaye ihracıdır."

Lenin’in çok bilinen yukarıdaki tekelci kapitalizm betimlemesine karşı

“Bu ifadeler çok tartışmalıdır: kapitalizm her zaman tekelci olmuştur ve mallar ve sermayeler her zaman eşzamanlı olarak dolaşmıştır, sermayeler ve kredi bir dış pazara ulaşmanın ve bu pazan zor­ lamanın en güvenilir aracı olmuştur.”

Ya da Max Weber’in çok yaygın olarak kabul edilen kapitalizmin kuzey ülkelerinde Protestanlık ile ilişki içinde geliştiği tezine karşı:

“bilir. Max Weber'e göre modem anlamda kapitalizm protestanlıg-ın, daha dosu püritenligin yarattıgı bir şeydir kesinlikle.

Bütün tarihçiler bu çok ince teze karşıdırlar ama ondan tam olarak kurtulmayı da başaramazlar; iki­ de bir önlerine gelir bu tez. Ama bütünüyle yanlış­tır. Kuzey ülkeleri daha önce Akdeniz'in eski ka­pitalist merkezlerinin uzun süre ve çok başanlı bir şekilde işgal ettikleri alanı ele geçirmekten başka bir şey yapmamışlardır. Teknik alanda ve iş dünyasın­ da hiçbir buluşlan yoktur. Amsterdam Venedik'i, Londra Amsterdam'ı, New York Londra'yı kopya etmiştir”


Yani kıscası Braudel, başka pekçok süreç gibi Kapitalizmin gelişmesinin de çok katmanlı ve uzun zaman alan bir dinamik olduğunu gösteriyor.

[Vincent Komaroff · Rating 4 out of 5]

Excellente synthèse, partant d'une vue d'ensemble et structurale, de l'évolution et de la dynamique du capitalisme (Civilisation matérielle->économie de marché->Capitalisme).

On peut notamment y constater l'importance de la culture et de l'histoire dans la facilité ou bien la difficulté qu'a le capitalisme pour s'installer dans telle ou telle civilisation.

Le Capitalisme étant un système "caméléon", celui-ci finit par s'adapter, en tant que contenu, à tous les contenants, toutefois, l'on constate qu'il n'y a pas une Civilisation Capitaliste, ou pour parler clairement, un seul et même capitalisme.

Il y a en vérité, bel et bien des capitalismes différents se structurant à partir et en vertu des singularités des sociétés dans lequel celui-ci évolue.

En d'autre terme, la montée en puissance - pour exemple - de la classe bourgeoise en Europe et sa capacité à remplacer, à partir du XVIIIème siècle, la noblesse, ne peut trouver que son explication dans le fait que la matrice culturelle, historique et sociale de l'Europe prédisposait à cette finalité.

Fernand Braudel, ici, en tant que l'un des chefs de file de l'école des annales et du temps long, nous éclaire plus que jamais, à travers l'enchevêtrement de diverses sciences et de structures fondamentales, sur la réalité du capitalisme, ses dynamiques et ses particularismes.

4,5/5

[Kris · Rating 4 out of 5]

Tyto přednášky vyšly knižně v roce 1999. Proběhly chvíli před vydáním Braudelova díla o historii a vývoji kapitalismu, to až za těch 20 let v Česku stále nevyšlo. Velká škoda, přednášky totiž naznačují zajímavé myšlenky.

Nejvíc mě zaujal, jaký je vztah kapitalismu k otroctví a nevolnictví a Braudelova myšlenka, že kapitalismus těží z toho, pokud je v určité části práce extrémně levná nebo nucená. Že by to byla nutnost, aby takový systém fungoval? Že by prodražení práce vedlo k přeměně tržního hospodářství k novému -ismu?

Po přečtení útlé knihy mi zůstává spousta podnětů a otázek. A snad někdy Braudelovo dílo vyjde i u nás.

[Jesus Cruz · Rating 5 out of 5]

Tenía la idea de que este libro, presentado como un resumen de varios tomos que desarrolló el autor sería lo mucho un comercial y que en realidad no se aportaría nada, pero me equivoqué, es un libro si corto, pero interesante porque muestra en líneas generales el argumento que tienen sus libros sobre la historia económica de Europa, es interesantísimo observar como Braudel hace gala de su poder de síntesis y entonces desarrolla la base de su argumentación en su historia, creo que eso lo hace ya valioso per se, pero además despliega lo que le hace falta a su historia y deja trabajo por hacer, es un libro interesante que recomiendo. Saludos!

[Elhadj Allam · Rating 4 out of 5]

المترجم عايز مترجم، بس كتاب مهم جدًا

[csillagkohó · Rating 5 out of 5]

For those who (like me) thought they would ease themselves into an author like Fernand Braudel, there's this amazing little book based on three lectures Braudel gave in 1976. It serves as a kind of summary or afterthought to his three-volume "Civilisation matérielle et capitalisme" (and indeed the English translation is titled "Afterthoughts on Material Civilisation and Capitalism").

In this limited space, nothing can be elaborated in the visceral detail Braudel is known for. Instead all the large topics from "Civilisation matérielle" are briefly explored. We learn about the difference between Europe and Japan on the one hand – places where feudalism gradually made room for a capitalist elite that destroyed some aspects of the old order while reinforcing others – and China and the Islamic world on the other, where capitalism could never fully develop due to distrustful monarchies or the vastness of their territories.

Development within Europe (and elsewhere) was of course unevenly distributed. In France, bourgeois interests have only fully captured the state since 1830. In places like Venice and Genua, by contrast, bourgeois and aristocratic elites had already become intertwined by the early modern era. Yet even there, capitalism long remained limited in most people's lived experience, permitting the more basic forms of market economy and "material life" to shine through, and Braudel makes a point that even today capitalism is nowhere as all-encompassing as it seems.

Just as interesting is the section on the Industrial Revolution. Historically, many Industrial Revolutions have "almost" existed. The Romans and Egyptians made strides in science that were never fully explored in the following centuries. The Chinese developed coke smelting centuries before the English, but without earth-shattering consequences. Why was England different? Braudel provides several reasons, but the true trump card of England in the modern era was its world dominance, which permitted it to open one new market in the Global South after another.

Here he rightly dismisses the debate between "internal" and "external" forces behind the Industrial Revolution. On the one hand no state can achieve the position of world hegemon without first going through internal developments, but conversely, once it has started exploiting other lands, that boosts its internal market enormously. Braudel says elsewhere that he's in virtually total agreement with Wallerstein's world-system theory, except that he considers himself less eurocentric than Wallerstein by seeing other economical centres as just as "self-contained" as Europe in their day and age (for example the Ottoman Empire).

Surely there's something to the common criticism that Braudel exaggerates "structure" and downplays human agency. This is glimpsed in his skeptical remark directed at the soixante-huitards who aimed to undo social hierarchies. But what does it matter, when you can write this well and have this many interesting things to say? You can seriously feel Braudel's erudition and scope oozing through every paragraph. Who knows, one day I may take a shot at the 2000-odd pages of "Civilisation matérielle".

PS: this was the golden era of book cover design. Fuck fancy colors and fonts, just give me boats.

[Sophie · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of capitalism - in fact, for anyone interested in capitalism at all (which anyone should be). Based on a series of lectures held in 1976, he explains his conception of this monstruous term, and he does it well. Braudels writing is easily accessible and even literary in many ways.
What struck me most was the difference Braudel makes between market economy and capitalism. Market economy is based on exchange and the law of supply and demand, and this market structure existed for a long time. Capitalism, however, is the "advancement" of this rationale. If I understood Braudel correctly, he argues that capitalists are trying to undermine the rules of the market in order to become monopolists, which they can do because of their relatively higher position in the social hierarchies.
Accordingly, Braudel offers a set of terms with which capitalism and social hierarchy (which underlies capitalism) can be criticized, without necessarily disapproving of market economy and therefore dismissing the advantages which have been created by economic exchange.
I got really excited reading this analysis, because, as I said, I felt like this is an approach very suitable for my own thought. And even if it wasn't, it is definitely well worth the thought! Go on and read this witty little book. (Also! don't be afraid to tackle a topic as unwieldy as 'capitalism' - especially with Braudel's The Dynamic of Capitalism, You get something understandable and descriptive, free of difficult concepts and full of colourful examples - which makes it also easily criticizable, of course)

[Mihai Zodian · Rating 3 out of 5]

Uneori rezumatele forțează claritatea, chiar dacă simplificarea poate însemna eșecul întregului demers. Din fericire, nu este cazul cu Afterthoughts... , colecție de conferințe rostite de celebrul istoric francez prin Statele Unite. Importanța inerției, inegalității și a dezastrelor în procesele schimbărilor economice sunt, probabil, cele mai importante teme.

În Afterthoughts... , autorul în care a descris ideile principale, schema din întinsa Civilizație materială, economie și capitalism, tradusă la Editura Meridiane în șase volume, care, deși este o lucrare fermecătoare, ridică multe probleme de interpretare. Fernand Braudel a complicat lucrurile refuzând răspunsuri tranșante. Lucrarea recenzată poate fi privită ca o postfață utilă.

Afterthoughts... clarifică puțin imaginea. De-a lungul istoriei, globale chiar, avem de-a face cu vreo patru structuri, care interacționează flexibil, într-un proces de anvergură, întins pe mai multe secole, cu viteze variabile, conducând la lumea capitalistă, tehnologică și inegală de astăzi. Acestea sunt cele temporale, economico-sociale, sectoriale și spațiale.

Primele două sunt și cele mai importante, dominând Afterthoughts... și Civilizație materială, economie și capitalism. Celebra distincție între durata lungă, timpul conjunctural și cel evenimențial, mai întâi. Apoi segmentarea între viața materială sau cotidiană, economia de piață și capitalism, unde se concentrează banii și o formă a puterii.

Următoarele două structuri ridică teme clasice, relația dintre stat și economie și problema inegalității globale, unde se suprapune parțial cu teza lui Immanuel Walllerstein. Astfel, Afterthoughts... ne oferă un fir, o cheie, către o gândire flexibilă. Nu înlocuiește Civilizație materială, economie și capitalism, ci o completează.

Vezi Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century, Vol. 1: The Structures of Everyday Life

[Dominic Muresan · Rating 4 out of 5]

A pretty little book, kind of an explanation of the logic of Braudel's chief work which is 10 times the size. It's a quick and pretty helpful summary of the development of modern economy, with the classic account of an economy-universe. This last thing being a system that radiates around one point of focus - usually a city, the rest of the world (world meaning either Europe or the whole thing) existing just to support and grow its market. The book itself is made up of three chapters, which are actually talks, all debating a certain part of this economy - capitalism vs market economy, the society that either hinders or permits the development of capitalism, how old-world hierarchies are not demolished in the wake of capitalism but actually used and reinforced by this development, how it is that capitalism is driven always by the peak of society - the great merchants, unspecialized, having multiple options of injecting capital etc.
8/10

[͙͘͡★ Ancuta✨🌙 · Rating 2 out of 5]

2.5⭐

[Marysia]

czy powinnam przeczytać wszystkie trzy tomy kultury materialnej? nie wiem, ale na pewno bardzo chcę to teraz zrobić.

[felix · Rating 4 out of 5]

i really really really need to read his actual historiography, but this was an amazing introduction to his thought

[David]

Not sure I got from this what I was hoping, but nonetheless a handy primer to an extraordinary intellectual project. I leave it with the same doubts and problems that I encounter any time I read a work of economic history, but I read it with new strategies (which, written out, seem to me very obvious): I pay attention not so much to the argument but to the innovation. What elements of his thesis stand apart from those of other writers?
In its own terms, this book was assertive and provocative. It had the poetry of any groundbreaking work.

[Shaq · Rating 4 out of 5]

eye roll

[Vincent Hernot · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very stimulating little book from one the most interesting, penetrating historian. Of course, you should go and read his (massive) 'Civilisation matérielle etc.', one of the best books I've ever read, because this is an introduction to that, really.

[Dhikra · Rating 3 out of 5]

في كتابه " ديناميكية الرأسمالية" فرنان بروديل المؤرخ و الأكاديمي الفرنسي يقدم ثلاث محاضرات طرحها سنة 1977 في جامعة هوبكنز الأمريكية بعد أن حولها إلى كتاب يتكون من ثلاثة فصول.

يقدم بروديل الفوارق بين  مفهومين " الرأسمالية" و اقتصاد السوق" و تطور كل منهما عبر التاريخ

يميز الكاتب فيما بعد بين مراكز العالم الاقتصادية او ما يعرف ب" اقتصاد عالم" و تغيرها عبر الزمن و تأثير هاته التغيرات من وجهة نظر اقتصادية.

يختم  بروديل كتابه بالحديث عن نتائج الثورة الصناعية و تبعاتها على العالم.

[Hasan · Rating 4 out of 5]

*çok ama çok kısa tarihi

[Luka Antonić · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a set of three lectures and summary of author's more detailed work Capitalism and Material Life. It deals with the early capitalism, the time long before the word itself was invented. The author is conscious of its shortcomings and points them out often. He never tries to devise some final and all-encompassing theory that's going to describe capitalism, as many of his predecessors had done. In contrary, he proposes that much could be learned from studying numerical data in history. This could maybe get me to finally read Piketty's bestseller.

[Esteban · Rating 3 out of 5]

Texto de unas conferencias en las que Braudel resume Civilización material, economía y capitalismo. A pesar del registro demasiado general, hay algunas puntas interesantes. Me lamó la atención principalmente el contraste entre las ferias en la India y Europa, con su multitud de funciones culturales, comerciales y financieras, y los mercados desterritorializados de bienes y de capitales que las reemplazaron.