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Very Short Introductions #169

American Political Parties and Elections: A Very Short Introduction

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Few Americans and even fewer citizens of other nations understand the electoral process in the United States. Still fewer understand the role played by political parties in the electoral process or the ironies within the system. Participation in elections in the United States is much lower than in the vast majority of mature democracies. Perhaps this is because of the lack of competition in a country where only two parties have a true chance of winning, despite the fact that a large number of citizens claim allegiance to neither and think badly of both. Or perhaps it is because in the U.S. campaign contributions disproportionately favor incumbents in most legislative elections, or that largely unregulated groups such as the now notorious 527s have as much impact on the outcome of a campaign as do the parties or the candidates' campaign organizations. Studying these factors, you begin to get a very clear picture indeed of the problems that underlay our much trumpeted electoral system.
This Very Short Introduction introduces the reader to these issues and more, providing an insider's view of how the system actually works while shining a light on some of its flaws. As we enter what is sure to be yet another highly contested election year, it is more important than ever that Americans take the time to learn the system that puts so many in power.

ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

192 pages, Paperback

First published July 8, 2016

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About the author

L. Sandy Maisel

31 books7 followers
Louis Sandy Maisel was an American political scientist. A longtime professor at Colby College, his work focused on U.S. elections and political parties, particularly candidate emergence, or why potential candidates do or do not run for office.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 59 reviews
Profile Image for Ali Almatrood.
104 reviews150 followers
March 23, 2016
الكتاب ممتاز جدًا، ومليء وثري بالمعلومات المهمة جدًا عن الديمقراطية الأمريكية وأحزابها والتي تُعتبر تجربة رائدة كنظام وسلطة سياسية، منذ نهايات القرن التاسع عشر وحتى اليوم، بمؤسسات مجتمع مدني حضارية جدًا، مختزلاً المعلومات بتقسيم مميّز واختصارٍ أكثر تميّزًا قد يكون أقرب لكونه غير مختصرٍ أصلاً!
مشكلة الكتاب الوحيدة هي الترجمة، فعانيت في الكثير من الأقسام التي تتحدث في صلب الدستور والتفاصيل، وربما بسبب عمق الموضوع، إلا أن الترجمة ليست بتلك الجودة العالية..
الكتاب مهم جدًا، وهو مقدّمة شاملة ومميزة لأيّ شخصٍ يريد متابعة الدولة الأكثر تأثيرًا على العالم.
Profile Image for Mohamed.
904 reviews894 followers
May 21, 2016

النظام الانتخابي في أمريكا معقد للغاية ولا يمت للديموقراطية وحكم الشعب بصلة
مجهود طيب في محاولة شرح تعقيدات وخلفيات نظام الانتخابات في أكبر الدول المارقة حسب تعبير تشومسكي
Profile Image for Clif.
467 reviews180 followers
August 28, 2015
Before reading this book, I had just finished reading A Very Short Introduction to American Politics and found it ho-hum, an account that was anodyne, concluding that things are just fine. This book gives a sense of the real thing. The final chapter is titled "Far from the Perfect Democracy". I always welcome critical analysis.

Political parties were frowned upon by the founding fathers and they are not mentioned in the Constitution, yet they started almost immediately after the founding of the United States, grew to be all powerful by the end of the 19th century and have since declined but remain part of the foundation of our democracy.

As proof of the loss of party power, Donald Trump has said he might run as a third party candidate and that has the Republican Party trembling in fear because if he did reject the Republicans their voting base would be divided and their chance of taking the White House all but eliminated. But three candidates in contention might get a higher than normal percentage of the electorate out to vote, a very good thing.

There's little in this book that is general knowledge, so it is bound to be educational for any American. Author Maisel describes how the two American parties are organized, how the leadership is selected and how party officials work to get members elected. The primary and caucus processes are covered in detail.

We have moved toward a more democratic process within the last 50 years as the selection of a party candidate has moved out of the smoke filled room and into the hands of the party membership at large. But it's far from a perfect system. In some states party primaries are wide open, a Democrat can vote in a Republican primary and the other way around. And what about tiny New Hampshire, very unrepresentative of the country at large, getting to have a powerful say early on in determining a front runner?

There's something new to know on every page of the terrific introduction, small enough to slip into your pocket to read on the commute to work.
Profile Image for Ahmed Elsawy.
190 reviews291 followers
November 26, 2017
كتاب جيد جدا برشحه لأي حد مهتم بالسياسة الأمريكية، بالنسبة لمقدمة فهو عطى أغلب المعلومات الممكنة بشكل كفء ومرتب، يعني قال ميكانزم السياسة في أمريكا وديناميكية عمل الأحزاب والنظام الانتخابي نفسه وكمان الخلفية التاريخية لتطورها -طبعا مش بشكل موسع
وبنسبة كبيرة الكتاب ده محايد علشان يحافظ على وصفه ككتاب مقدمة وده كان مريح بنسبة كبيرة، وحلاوة الكتاب هنا انك لو حتى متابع جيد للسياسة والانتخابات في أمريكا الكتاب هنا بيحطلك الاطار والأصول التاريخية ليها، علشان الاطار ده مفيش حد بيتكلم عنه علشان دي بديهيات بالنسبة للمواطن ودي بالنسبة لغير الأمريكي تعتبر منطقة عمياء شوية حتى لو كان مهتم يتابع الأحداث بشك دوري
Profile Image for Hanin Reads.
339 reviews50 followers
June 2, 2020
أوّل كتاب أقرأه في هذه السلسة؛ هي مُقدّمة قصيرة جدًّا لمن ليس لديه اطّلاع على موضوع الكتاب. كتاب سلس ومختصر ومفيد.
Profile Image for محمد إبراهيم.
77 reviews10 followers
May 17, 2015
"أمريكيون قلائل يعرفون مدى ضآلة المنافسة الانتخابية في ديمقراطيتهم التي يزهون بها"

النظام الانتخابي الأمريكي بالغ التعقيد ، وقلة من المواطنين الأمريكيين من يفهمونه ، فضلا عن المهتمين بالشأن الأمريكي من خارج الولايات المتحدة ، هذا الكتاب يقدم مدخلا لفهم ديناميكيات العملية الانتخابية في الولايات المتحدة ، كما يتتبع الجذور التاريخية لنشأة النظام الحزبي الثنائي (جمهوري / ديموقراطي) هناك
نقائص الديموقراطية الأمريكية التي يعدونها قمة ديموقراطيات العالم هي البرهان الأكبر على نقيصة الفكرة نفسها ، عملية يحكمها المال ، وضعف فرص الترشح ، وضآلة التنافسية ، وناخب لا يفقه إلا القليل ولا يمثله فعليا حزب من الحزبين القائمين ، ومقاومة للتغيير ممن وصل للسلطة بهذه القواعد
فإذا كانت الديموقراطية الأمريكية معيبة لهذه الدرجة ، فما هو الحال في الدول الديموقراطية الأقل مثالية ؟
Profile Image for Bassam Ahmed.
414 reviews76 followers
November 3, 2020
كتاب مهم من سلسلة إصدارات "مقدمات قصيرة جدا" الثرية بتنوعها وكتابها، بعنوان "American Political Parties and Elections:A very Short Introduction لإل ساندي ميسل، الصادر سنة 2007.

وقدمت ترجمته إلى العربية بإقتدار مؤسسة هنداوي للتعليم والثقافة بعنوان "الإنتخابات والأحزاب السياسية الأمريكية- مقدمة قصيرة جدا".

يقدم الكتاب طرح موجز لتاريخ وآلية الوصول وتداول السلطة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، منذ زمن التأسيس الأول الذي أعقب الثورة الأمريكية والذي عكف على رسم ملامحه من عرفو بالآباء المؤسسين في القرن الثامن عشر، مرورا بأبرز المنعطفات التي غيرت في المشهد السياسي الأمريكي ومحددات الديمقراطية وصولا إلى مطلع القرن الواحد والعشرين.

ومن اللافت للنظر والجدير بالذكر أن النظام الأمريكي سمح للمرأة بالترشح والتصويت في العقد الثاني من القرن العشرين وسمح فعليا (رغم أسبقية التشريعات الزمنية التي لم تطبق على أرض الواقع) للأقليات العرقية مثل الأمريكيين من أصول أفريقية، بالترشح والتصويت في ستينات القرن العشرين، وهما توقيتان متأخران جدا نسبيا إذا ما أخذنا بعين الاعتبار وتيرة نشوء وتطور المسيرة الديمقراطية بمجملها.

كما كان السرد التاريخي لكيفية تشكل وتطور الأحزاب الأمريكية السياسية وأبرز العوامل التي أثرت على مسيرة ذلك التطور وتشكل السياسات الحزبية آنذاك وصولا إلى ما نشهده اليوم، على درجة كبيرة من الأهمية (والتي لا تخلو من الامتاع المعرفي) لفهم الواقع السياسي الأمريكي اليوم (نظام الحزبين).

أما الأجزاء الأكثر تفصيلا وإرتباطا بواقعنا الحالي، (وأقول واقعنا لأن ما يحدث في الداخل الأمريكي ومحصلة عملية الإنتخابات الأمريكية يؤثران بشكل كبير على معظم دول العالم، بدرجات متفاوتة نسبيا في سعتها لا في أهميتها)، كانت ما يتعلق بتفاصيل وإجراءات عملية الإنتخابات الأمريكية بكافة مستوياتها (الوطني كالإنتخابات الرئاسية وانتخابات الكونغرس بمجلسيه النواب والشيوخ، والمستويين الولاياتي والمحلي كالانتخابات لمناصب حكام الولايات والمشرعين المحليين).

إضافة إلى التحليل الموضوعي للديمقراطية الأمريكية المبني على الدراسة والاستشهاد بالأحداث، الاحصائيات والمواد/التسريعات القانونية، لتبيان مراكز القوة ومواطن الضعف في النموذج الديمقراطي الأمريكي الذي لا يغفل عنها أي دارس ومطلع أو حتى من يملك أدنى اهتمام بالشأن السياسي، ومن مواطن الضعف للذكر لا الحصر (المجمع الإنتخابي، احتكار للحزبين، هيمنة المال السياسي، نظام الفائز بالأكثرية يأخذ كل الأصوات، الخ.).

ولا يخفى على أحد أن الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية قد تأسست (فهي لم تمر بأطوار التطور التاريخي الذي شهدته امبراطوريات ودول العالم القديم) على البرجوازية الرأسمالية وقد قرر الآباء المؤسسون وقتها (ولا يزال هذا التقليد هو السائد) أن الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية يجب أن تحكم من قبل النخبة الأمريكية، والتي عنت وقتها الرجال البيض البروتستانت من أصحاب الرساميل والثروة، الأمر الذي حرصت جميع القوانين التالية على تشريع وتثبيت إحتكار تلك النخب (خصوصا فيما يتعلق بأصحاب الرساميل والثروة) لمناصب السلطة وأدوات الحكم.

وقد حرص المؤلف في فصله الأخير على إيراد نقده للنموذج الديمقراطي الأمريكي على شكل أسئلة ضمنها تساؤلات مطروحة بلسان الناخب والمواطن الأمريكي عن مدى وجدوى البدائل المتوفرة في الإرتقاء بالممارسة الديمقراطية، وعلى الرغم من إنحياز المؤلف لما يمثله النموذج الأمريكي، إلا أن ذلك لم يمنعه من إبراز مثالب ذلك النموذج والقول بوجوب تجاوزها لتقوضها الديمقراطية كما ترد في أغلب التعريفات وكما يقرها الدستور الأمريكي من حيث المبدأ.
أبرز ملاحظاتي على الكتاب هي إفتقاره لمساحات المقارنات الموضوعية بين النموذج الأمريكي والنماذج العالمية الأخرى للديمقراطية، وهو ما جعل الكتاب مغرق في أمريكيته، وحقيقة تكرار ورود بعض الأفكار في أكثر من فصل مع عدم تقديم المؤلف لإطار مبدأي موضوعي في ختام طرحه للنماذج البديلة التي يمكن تبنيها بحسب رأيه واستنتاجاته لهدم الهوة بين النظرية (المبدأ) والتطبيق فيما يخص الرؤية والطموح الديمقراطي للمواطن الأمريكي.

الكتاب على أهمية عالية خصوصا في هذه الأيام (فترة قراءتي للكتاب كانت فترة الإنتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية وصولا الى يوم الحسم ٣ نوفمبر ٢٠٢٠) التي تشهد المعركة الانتخابية الأهم للرئاسة الأمريكية بين الرئيس الأمريكي الجمهوري الشعبوي الأرعن دونالد ترامب ومرشح الحزب الديمقراطي جو بايدن، المعركة الذي سيلعب الفائز بها وحزبه دورا مؤثرا في تحديد اتجهات السياسة العالمية وبالتالي مصائر شعبه الأمريكي وشعوب العالم الأخرى خصوصا شعوب تلك الدول الهشة الخاضعة بشكل كبير للهيمنة والسلطة الأمريكية.

كتاب مهم أنصح به.

إقتباسات من الكتاب:

"من الصعب أن يذهب المرء إلى أن المجمع الإنتخابي عزز الديمقراطية، فقد كان تسوية صاغتها نخبة سياسية لضمان نتيجة منشودة."

"يتفق المنظرون الديمقراطيون على مبادئ أساسية للانتخابات النزيهة والفعالة، وهي قدرة أحزاب المعارضة على منافسة من هم في السلطة، وامتلاك المتسابقين الحق في حرية التعبير عن آرائهم، ووجود صحافة حرة قادرة على تغطية العملية الانتخابية، وامتلاك المواطنين الحق في التصويت سرا ودون خوف، وإتاحة الحصول على المعلومات التي يحتاج إليها الناخبون للإدلاء بأصواتهم عن إطلاع ودراية."

"فالنظام الأمريكي، بما يشتمل عليه من دوائر أحادية العضوية وأحزاب ضعيفة ومؤسسات حكومية منعزلة، يؤدي بشكل شبه حتمي إلى حملات تقوم على الصورة لا الجوهر."

"وفي ٢٠٠٦ قدر الاستشاريون السياسيون أن 《تكلفة الدخول》 في سباقات الحزبين للترشح للرئاسة ستكون ١٠٠ مليون دولار لكل متسابق."

"على الرغم من أن المواطنين سواسية في إمكانية وصولهم إلى الحكم، فإن المال عامل هائل في تحديد من سيكون في الحكومة ومن سيكون له نفوذ على من  يُنتخَبون. على الرغم من زعمنا أننا نؤيد حكم الاغلبية، فإن نظامنا نادرا ما يتمخض عن فائزين بالأغلبية، ولا نعرف إلا قليلا عن الإختيارات الثانية لمن يؤيدون الخاسرين."
Profile Image for Yahya Al Mawali.
138 reviews19 followers
November 4, 2020
ونحن على مشارف إعلان الفائز الآن من ينتصر الديموقراطي بايدن ام ستجدد مدة الجمهوري ترامب
انتهيت من هذا الكتاب والذي حاول أن يفهمنا عن انتخابات الولايات
المتحدة الأمريكية

عدد الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية 50
الهيئة التشريعية الكونغرس ويتألف من مجلسين
مجلس الشيوخ 100 عضو
مجلس النواب 435 عضو
لديهم نظام (المجمع الانتخاب) 538 صوت

يرى الكاتب أنه من الضروري أن نفهم المجمع الانتخابي كي نقيم الديموقراطية الأمريكية

فقد اخترع مؤسسو الأمة الأمريكية المجمع الانتخابي لحل المشكلات السياسية التي واجهوها أثناء صياغة الدستور 1787
ويشير أن النظام قد تعرض لانتقادات وهناك اصوات اصلاحية

ومن المعروف حاليا اكبر حزبين ويهيمنان على الوضع السياسي الأمريكي
الحزب الديموقراطي وهم حاليا حسب ما نرى اقرب لليسار الليبرالي
والحزب الجمهوري وهم اقرب حاليا لليمين المحافظ
قد لا يفوز من يرشح الأكثر شعبيا تصويتا مثل ما حدث في الانتخابات الماضية فقد كان عدد الأشخاص الذي صوتوا لكلينتون اكثر من ترامب .
والسبب في ذلك المجمع الانتخابي فالحزب الذي يفوز بولاية ما يأخذ
كل الأصوات

من تاريخ الأحزاب
أول حزب نشأ هو الحزب الديموقراطي -الجمهوري الجيفرسوني
وظهر حزب الفيدرالي نتيجة اختلافات وبعدها اختفى
فطهر حزب الجمهوريين الوطنيين وصار حزب الديموقراطي-الجمهوري يعرف بالحزب الديموقراطي فقط
وحل حزب الويج محل حزب الجمهوريين الوطنيين بصفته المعارض للديموقراطيين
لكن كلا الحزبين كانا يراوغان في مسالة الرق
ثم برزت احزاب اخرى كحزب الحرية وحزب الأرض الحرة
وفي عام 1854 تشكل الحزب الجمهوري كبديل رئيسي للديمقراطيين مواجها إياهم في قضية الرق
وهكذا هيمن الحزبان على السياسة الانتخابية الأمريكية

اما عن جمهور الناخبين تاريخيا
كان التصويت وقت تأسيس الجمهورية محصور على البيض الذكور اصحاب الأملاك بعدها تم إلغاء شرط حيازة الأملاك واستبدل بأن يكون الناخبين من دافعي الضرائب
وبعد الحرب الأهلية 1870 أصبح السود بإمكانهم التصويت
وأقر التعديل الدستوري 1920 حق مشاركة المرأة في الانتخاب
وفي عام 1971 أقر تعديل في حق الانتخابات وخفض سن التصويت من 21 إلى 18 عاما .
Profile Image for Jazmyn.
1 review1 follower
June 27, 2015
This book can be divided into three main parts. The first part is the first chapter, which gives the context of American politics and the general idea of American political parties and elections. The second part is made up of six chapters, talking about specific and detailed facts of political system. And Chapter Seven is the last part. It reflects on political and electoral system and makes an conclusion.
As said the first chapter is a context, which mainly introduces the election system. It is known to all that the United States is a federal state, with its power separated into three parts, held in three branches, a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. These three main branches of government are separate and distinct from one another, meanwhile they must coordinate with each other. And because of its federalism, there comes a lot of elections, the most important one among which is the presidential election. Since the presidency is the largest prize in the system, citizens concentrate on the quadrennial presidential election and pay less attention to other elections.
As the first chapter mainly talks about election system, so we know that many of its rules or features are connected with its history. Then the subsequent three chapters introduce the history of American political parties, how they organize now and the connections and differences between those political parties.
Although George Washington, who was the first President of the United States, was an opponent of party politics. At the very beginning of the history of America, there have been two main parties, Democratic-Republican Party founded by Madison and Jefferson and Federal Party led by Alexander Hamilton. Democratic-Republican Party emphasized states' rights while Federal Party thought enhancing the power of federal government is more important. In 1820s, the modern Democratic Party was founded which originated from Democratic-Republican Party. And in this period of time, the role political parties played turned into institutions. They participated in electoral process to help candidates they preferred to to win the election.
Now there are several party organizations in the political parties, and each of them has their own work. For instance, the national committee staffs needs to raise money, plan strategy, devise tactics, do research, provide resources, and ready the party and its candidates for each campaign cycle. And recruiting candidates, coordinating volunteers and energizing the party faithful, this kind of work is largely the preserve of the local party institutions.
Although there are many political parties in the United States, now Democratic Party and Republican Party take turns in power, named two-party system. Generally most of the proletarians are in favor of Democratic Party, while most rich people prefer to Republican Party. But there are many Americans who do not consider themselves to be independents most often vote for candidates who are either Democrats or Republicans. This means that they switch from supporting candidates of one party to those of another, not that they have discovered a third path into American politics.
Then Chapter 5 introduces us the most important election, presidential election in detail. The first procedure is nomination. The nominating process of presidential elections currently of two major parts: a series of presidential primary elections and the presidential nominating conventions held by each political party. And how much money could be raised by candidates is usually a important reference.
Then the second procedure is general election. Different from what I had considered, Americans don’t vote directly for the president, but vote for the electors. Then electors form electoral colleges and then the electoral colleges vote to choose their president. The electoral votes would decide the president while popular votes are not conclusive for one to be chosen as the president. And in most of the states, the winner-takes-all rule helps candidates to win more electoral votes.As a result, sometimes although a candidate has less popular votes, if he has got many electoral votes that could make him become the president.
In the next chapter, the author discusses subnational nominations and elections. It seems that the state election is not very competitive and often the public do not participate in the elections. And two main parties, Democratic Party and Republican Party play an important part in these elections. Usually if these parties support one of the candidates, in most cases he would win the election. To some extent, it is the American system that should be to blame.
At last, the author gives a reflection based on the six chapters. Not only electoral system, but the whole political system is not fully democratic. There are still many imperfections and faultiness existing there deep in American system: the turnout in typical elections for the legislature is too low, money is a huge factor in determining who will be in government and who will have influence on those elected, and citizens rarely hear candidates discuss the issues of the day in sufficient enough detail to allow for truly informed judgment, etc. It’s hard to solve all these problems. The Americans, not only the leaders, but also all the citizens, have indeed a long way to go.
Profile Image for BADER ETROUG.
10 reviews
March 25, 2017
لم اكن اعتقد ان طريقة الانتخابات الامريكية معقدة الى هذا الحد .
اعتقد ان هذا التعقيد بسبب ان كل ولاية لها قوانينها الخاصة بالانتخابات.
انى بحاجة الى قراءة بعض الكتب الاخرى حول الانتخابات المريكية او مشاهدة بعض الفيديوات على اليوتيوب حتى استوعب العملية الانتخابية الامريكية اكثر
Profile Image for M. Ashraf.
2,376 reviews130 followers
January 7, 2016
The first couple of chapters are very good the rest :/ he went through many details and was against the Electoral College, the main thing the book is trying to explain, all the time so again :/ the last chapter is good "Far From Perfect Democracy".

The Electoral College, is a complex system, very unique he tried to explain it and state why this compromise was first established; maybe the reasons/circumstances are not the same now as 200-years ago and it needs reformation in case of winners takes all, the election of electors...etc but as a concept I think it is great!
The ‘‘democrats’’ who wrote the Constitution were not that democratic; few were willing to entrust such an important decision to the masses.

The part about the founding of the two party system and how it evolved through the years was also good.

This year is the US presidential election year; though the campaigns/debates already started last year, it is good to have an overview about inner working of their system.

Here in Egypt we don't really have one of those and so it is entertaining to watch other people elections :(

Democracy judged by number of factors:
- Is the process open?
- Do those out of power have a chance to contest for office successfully?
- Do citizens participate easily and freely in the political process?
- To how much information do citizens have access before they reach their decisions of voting?
- How free are candidates and parties to express their views on the issues of the day?

maybe one day...

Profile Image for Ryan Hatmaker.
11 reviews1 follower
December 8, 2016
A basic introduction to the political process, the book is useful for its intended purpose. It acts as a brief sort of catch-up for anyone who is familiar with, or has read about, the process before. It is mildly helpful for anyone unfamiliar with the process too, but acts more as a refresher for those who are at least partly familiar with the topic.

The critiques of the system and the various examples of alternatives given are particularly interesting and an aspect of the book I enjoyed.

This is a quick and useful read.
Profile Image for Adil.
49 reviews7 followers
October 7, 2016
أرهقني جدا هذا الكتاب ،،، بمناسبة الرئاسيات الأمريكية أردت ان أطالعه لأفهم مجرى العملية الإنتخابية في الدولة التي تنصب نفسها المحامي الاول عن الديمقراطية و التي ينظر لها الجميع على انها المثال الذي يجب ان يحتذى بها في تطبيقها ، لكن و انا اتقدم في صفحات هذا الكتاب اكتشفت أن ديمقراطية أمريكا ليست بتلك المثالية التي نتصور ، فأحيانا قد ينصب رئيس لكنه في حقيقة الأمر لم يحصل على أغلبية الأصوات المعبر عنها!!!!! كيف ذلك؟؟ اقرؤوه ليرقهكم مثلي ;)
Profile Image for Emilija.
1,713 reviews29 followers
April 8, 2021
I found this a very interesting read that has inspired me to read further afield, especially on the point that political parties were frowned upon, but formed almost naturally out of the animosity between the founding fathers.
Profile Image for MuHammad Ahmed El-WaKeel.
445 reviews132 followers
December 17, 2016
التجربة الأولى مع حاجة بتتكلم تفصيلياً عن الانتخابات الأمريكية، والنظام المعقد جداً بتاعها.. بس ممل وتقيل على القلب كده! :D
Profile Image for Ammar.
75 reviews6 followers
November 15, 2016
كما هو واضح من العنوان، مقدمة مختصرة تفيد من سمع عن تعقيد العملية الديمقراطية في أمريكا وأحب أن يعرف ما هي مبادئها وما إيجابياتها وسلبياتها
Profile Image for Behrooz Parhami.
Author 10 books34 followers
March 21, 2017
I have been living in the US continuously for more than 26 years (31 years, if I count my student days in the early 1970s). Yet, until very recently, I had paid little attention to how the country’s political system works. The 2016 election stoked my interest and I decided to fill the holes in my knowledge. Like other books in Oxford’s “A Very Short Introduction” series, this book packs a lot of information in its 179 pocket-size pages. The descriptions and examples are enlightening.

Let me begin by listing the titles of the seven chapters, which are followed by 15 pages of references and further readings.

Chapter 1. The Context of American Elections and Political Parties
Chapter 2. A Brief History of American Political Parties
Chapter 3. Party Organizations: What Do They Look Like? What Do They Do?
Chapter 4. Who Are Republicans? Who Are Democrats? Who Are the “Others”?
Chapter 5. Presidential Elections: Nominating Campaigns and General Elections
Chapter 6. Subnational Nominations and Elections
Chapter 7. Far from the Perfect Democracy

The United States differs from other democracies in the peculiar way it chooses presidential candidates, in the Electoral College system for electing its leader, in the relatively low levels of voter turnout, and in its political system that so strongly favors the Republican and Democratic parties that outsiders have little chance of being elected to office.

Early parties were Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. In his first inaugural address, Thomas Jefferson famously said: “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle … We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” The Democratic Party was established first, with the Republican Party emerging in the 1850s as a major alternative. Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was the first President from the new party.

Resentment to the Republican Lincoln led to the Democrats making inroads in the Southern states, a dominance that did not end until fairly recently. In 1960, all 22 Southern Senators and 99 of the 106 representatives were Democrats, whereas in 2014, 19 of the 22 Senators and 104 of the 143 representatives were Republicans. The Democratic dominance in the South was chipped at, first by Barry Goldwater and later, by Richard Nixon. The Vietnam War also prompted many Democrats to shift parties.

Later, the credos of the two parties, and thus their followers, underwent significant changes. Roosevelt’s New Deal Coalition brought him the support of the unions, as the Republicans became the favorites of big business and the affluent. When women got the right to vote in 1920, following earlier state recognition of this right, the opposition included party leaders, union bosses, the liquor industry, the Catholic Church, and big business.

The Electoral College system, one of the mysteries of our system of democracy, was devised as a compromise that would ensure the election of a desired leader (George Washington), as the country was being shaped by its founders. Electoral College reform, though deemed necessary and discussed from time to time, has seen little action. If anomalies and the associated concerns of the Bush-versus-Gore 2000 election led to no action, it is unlikely that we will see reform in the foreseeable future. We recently witnessed similar problems in the 2016 election, which occurred after the publication of this book and will likely provide examples and case studies for the book’s next edition.

In the early 20th century, the nomination authority was taken away from party bosses and given to the people through primary elections. At about the same time, parties began electing leaders for their congressional delegations and offered organized support or opposition to the President’s agenda. Legislators from the two parties tend to vote as a block, with little dissent. The Congressional Quarterly Service computes a Party Unity Score for each Senator and Representative. In recent sessions of the Congress, the average unity score has been over 90% for both parties. An ironic fact is that despite widespread dissatisfaction with members of Congress, incumbents tend to be reelected at very high rates.

Imagine a bell-shape curve that reflects the distribution of the electorate, from the extreme left to the extreme right. The bulk of general-election voters are in the center. Party activists tend to be from the fringes. Primary voters tend to be less extreme, but still significantly to the left or right of the center. This is why moderate candidates don’t have a good chance of being nominated, particularly in closed primary elections where only members of the party are allowed to vote. Of course, neither of the major US parties has a formal membership mechanism and party affiliation is determined through self-identification.

In recent years, voters self-identifying as independents have constituted 40% of the electorates (compared with Democrats’ 35% and Republicans’ 25%). Yet, very few independent Senators and Representatives have ever been elected. Independent voters tend to be either very informed and highly concerned, or quite uninformed and unconcerned, with few in-betweens.

In the concluding chapter 7, five criticisms of our imperfect political system are offered as food for thought. These are the low level of participation (the US is in the bottom fifth of democracies sorted by voter turnout), the irrationality of the presidential nomination and election processes, the cost and extent of political campaigns, the lack of competitive elections at many levels, and the acerbic political discourse.
Profile Image for Peter.
860 reviews3 followers
December 16, 2024
The late political scientist Louis Sandy Masiel wrote American Political Parties and Elections. I read the edition that was published in 2022. The book is older since certain aspects of the election of 2024 went against the conventional wisdom of American political scientists. For example, the voting patterns of Hispanic voters in the election of 2024 changed some of the conventional wisdom of American elections (Brooker 2024; Masiel 87). Masiel’s book might be older, but the book is still a valuable introduction to political parties and elections in the United States. The book has illustrations and an index. The book has a section of references. The book has a section entitled “further reading” (Masiel 175-177). The first chapter is entitled “The Context of American Elections and Political Parties” (Masiel 1-29). The second chapter is “A Brief History of American Political Parties” (Masiel 30-59). Chapter 3 discusses the organization of American political parties. Chapter 4 discusses political party identity in the United States. Chapter 5 discusses “nominating campaigns and general election "of presidential elections (Maisel 96-125). Chapter 6 is about elections below the national level. Chapter 7 discusses issues the American voter should think about that could improve the American election. I read the book on my Kindle. Masiel’s book is an older but well-done introduction to political parties and elections in the United States.
Works Cited:
Booker, Christopher. 2024, November 19. “What led a Texas border county to break from Democrats and vote Republican.” Public Broadcasting System Newshour. Video, 7:32 minutes. What led a Texas border county to break from Democrats and vote Republican


Profile Image for froginthewell.
1 review
July 25, 2024
The author is very clearly a Democrat and offers a lot more detail on the Democratic Party than the Republican Party. In some sections he completely forgets to explain the Republicans, to the point where I worry that I may have gaps in my knowledge.

As an example, this is what he wrote about the process of choosing delegates.

On Democrats:
“The Democrats also ensure that certain groups of elected officials are represented as delegates on the convention floor—members of Congress, governors, state officials, party leaders, and the like. The role of these automatic delegates, known as superdelegates, was challenged by the supporters of Senator Bernie Sanders after he lost the 2016 nomination; Sanders’s supporters argued that the influence of superdelegates was undemocratic, thwarting the will of Democrats who had voted. Though superdelegate votes have never resulted in a nomination different from that determined by party voters, their potential influence was reduced in 2020 with the stipulation that superdelegates could not vote on the first ballot at a convention...”


On Republicans:
“...the Republicans give state party organizations more leeway in selecting the means through which delegates are chosen...”


ONE sentence out of the whole section about Republicans.
I'm left to wonder if the process is roughly the same as the Democrats, and whether the phenomenon of superdelegates is irrelevant to the Republicans. What does 'more leeway' entail? So many unanswered questions.
Profile Image for هاجر العتيبي .
484 reviews12 followers
September 22, 2024
الكتاب قدّم لي فهمًا عميقًا وبسيطًا في نفس الوقت للديمقراطية الأمريكية وآلياتها الانتخابية، بطريقة تجعلك تشعر بأنك خبير ولو قليلاً بهذا النظام السياسي المهم عالميًا.

أول ما لفتني هو كمية المعلومات المقدمة عن الديمقراطية الأمريكية وكيف تطورت منذ نهايات القرن التاسع عشر. كنت أعرف عن الانتخابات الأمريكية وعن النظام المعقد للمجمع الانتخابي، لكن الكتاب شرحها بطريقة رائعة وسهلة الفهم. حتى الأمور التي كنت أعتبرها صعبة مثل تفاصيل الدستور والانتخابات التمهيدية داخل الأحزاب أصبحت مفهومة بفضل الطريقة المنظمة والواضحة التي يعرضها الكاتب. بالطبع، الموضوع ليس سهلًا بشكل كامل، ووجدت نفسي أحيانًا بحاجة للرجوع إلى مصادر إضافية لفهم بعض النقاط بعمق.

الكاتب لم يكتفِ بسرد المعلومات فقط، بل طرح أيضًا أسئلة نقدية مهمة عن النظام الأمريكي. مثلا، هل هذه الانتخابات المتعددة والمتنوعة تجعل أمريكا أكثر ديمقراطية حقًا؟ هذه التساؤلات جعلتني أفكر في عيوب هذا النظام حتى وإن كان يُعتبر رائدًا في العالم. أعجبني كيف يبرز الكاتب نقاط القوة والضعف في الديمقراطية الأمريكية بكل موضوعية وشفافية، مما جعلني أشعر أنني أتعلم حقًا شيئًا جديدًا.

ومع أن الكتاب قصير، إلا أنني شعرت بأنه قدّم لي نظرة شاملة جدًا عن كل ما يتعلق بالانتخابات الأمريكية على المستويين الوطني والمحلي. كنت أتمنى أن تكون الترجمة أفضل في بعض الأجزاء، حيث كانت هناك صعوبة في فهم بعض التفاصيل المتعلقة بالدستور، لكن بشكل عام الكتاب كان تجربة تعليمية رائعة.


قرأت الكتاب في الثلاثين من سبتمبر 2020، وأجريت التدقيق اللغوي في الثالث والعشرين من سبتمبر 2024.
Profile Image for Serge.
501 reviews
August 17, 2022
Reading the second edition was like stepping into a time warp as it predates one party's descent into cult of personality another's flirtation with ideological orthodoxy. The book's central premise ("The electoral process serves as the link between the people and the government" ) is well developed as is the background chapter on separation of powers and federalism. The challenges to an expanded franchise are examined ("Citizens have the right to express their views but because they are asked to so often, many choose not to exercise the franchise"). The book predicts the decline of party control over the nominating process and correctly names the post-Citizens United electoral marketplace ("Today power, to the extent that party power exists, stems from control over money"). I also appreciated the commentary on the net effects of gerrymandering and incumbency ("Little competition exists for House seats... Why are incumbents seemingly invulnerable? ... their ability to ingratiate themselves to their constituents, their ability to raise money, particularly from interest groups whose positions they favor; the skill of those who draw district lines to favor one party or the other; and personal organizations and campaign skills....") Sic transit gloria mundi.
Profile Image for Stefan Gugler.
223 reviews25 followers
September 13, 2020
As Maisel conceded in the beginning, it's a bit hard to write a book for the general audience on this topic, because the American electorate arguably knows more about it, at least experientally speaking and the overseas reader might not have a clue. I think I already had a clue, so it was certainly nice to get some holes filled. Many examples were both Bushs and Clinton related, since the book was written pre-Obama, yet Obama was the first election that I really followed, so where I appreciate the recency and the examples, they didn't speak to me too well.

In general I also think that my suspicion is a bit warranted that the American elections are a real big mess and maybe it's not my ignorance that prevents me from learning about it. As the author explains, it is in fact so intransparent of a system, that many Americans might vote in a way that is to their detriment or in a way that isn't really super-democratic.

The last chapters were most interesting, the first couple about history and parties were a bit dry and long. In fact, I think it was the longest very short introduction I ever read.
Profile Image for Melissa.
274 reviews4 followers
September 9, 2020
So I still have no idea how the US Electoral College works. Either I’m just dumb when it comes to politics (which is totally plausible) or this system is really convoluted and overly complicated (also very possible). And now I’m just angry at how the US political parties and elections work. But at least I’m not the only one 🤷🏼‍♀️ (according to this book, which I don’t find surprising).
Profile Image for Ziad.
56 reviews14 followers
February 26, 2017
خمس نجمات قليلة بحقة
كتاب اكثر من رائع لمن يريد اخذ فكرة عن الاحزاب و الانتخابات الامريكية
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