History And Spirit
I read and reviewed Garry Wills' "Saint Augustine" in 2001 and thought about Wills' study after reading Augustine scholar Peter Brown's review of Susan Ruden's new translation of Augustine's "Confessions". (New York Review of Books, October 26, 2017) As I read Brown's review, Ruden's translation attempts to bring the reader closer to the Augustine of his own day, and to the feeling of God as a Master, rather than to read Augustine in the light of modern liberal theology, as Wills tends to do. I learned from Brown's review and hope to have the opportunity to read Ruden's translation. Brown made me think about my 2001 reading of Wills and about other ways of understanding Augustine. The remainder of this review consists of an edited version of my 2001 review of Wills' book.
I read Garry Wills' short biography "Saint Augustine" after reading E.L. Doctorow's novel, "City of God", a book I loved, with the allusion in its title to Augustine's great work. I wanted to learn more about Augustine and to think further about the importance of Augustine to Doctorow's novel. I needed a short book such as Wills' that would expand my limited understanding.
Wills's book presents in a clear, accessible way something of the nature of this complex person, thinker, and theologian. But the book is no mere introduction. It in many ways takes issue with other accounts of Augustine and presents him in a manner that shows why he is worthy of the attention of the modern reader, as he has been of readers throughout the ages.
Wills spends a great deal of space arguing that the title "Confessions" for Augustine's most famous work is inappropriate and retitles the book "Testimony". Wills's point has been made many times before, but in the process Wills does teach the reader something important about Augustine's book. The work is not primarily a confession or an autobiography but a record of a spiritual search. Wills argues that Augustine was not a sexual libertine in his youth and, more importantly for the modern reader, that Augustine was not anti-sexual in his old age. He presents a Christianity that does not despise the body (making the simple point that in Christianity God came to the earth in a body) and that Christianity teaches its adherents to use the body for God's purpose in humility and love. In fact, Wills presents Augustine as correcting the anti-physical bias of pagan ascetics of his day.
In addition to discussing the "Confessions", Wills has valuable things to say about Augustine's "City of God". Wills argues against an other-worldly interpretation of the "City of God" and finds Augustine willing to bring the City to earth in a world believers share with nonbelievers through an early form of toleration, through love, and through common purpose. Wills' interpretation reminded me of Doctorow's picture in his own "City of God" of a secular, diverse, and vibrant contemporary New York City. Thus Wills' book helped me with Augustine and helped me as well in understanding Doctorow's novel.
There is a good, if necessarily brief, description in the book of the closing days of the Roman Empire. This history is in itself worth reading and I had known little about it.
I think somebody coming to Augustine for the first time could benefit from the book and be encouraged to think and learn more. I found it useful. Penguin is to be commended for its biographical series, making important lives accessible to modern readers in brief, but not superficial books.
Robin Friedman