I first became acquainted with James George Frazer in graduate school. In one class, we were required to read an older seminal anthropology book. At the time, I was obsessed with kinship, so I chose Lewis Henry Morgan’s “Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family.” However, I looked with envy at a woman in my class that got to read and review Frazer’s book, “The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion.”
Both of the above-named books are **not** for the lighthearted. Their scholarship—contested to this day—is what I’d call “dry and heavy.” One can easily see this in the multitude of cross cultural comparative examples. However, this wasn’t a “fluke”; if you read Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species,” you’ll see the same style.
Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, scholars found it absolutely **imperative** to anticipate detractors in advance and to overwhelm them with evidence. Scholars today do the same thing, but unlike our predecessors, we adhere to word counts! This doesn’t make this book any less worthy, of course. It’s simply just a different style of academic writing. What it **does** mean, though, is that if you really want to **read** this book—as compared to just skipping through it and “pretending” to read it—you need to be completely committed. In short, this is why this book has been on my bucket list for such a long time!
Frazer was born in Scotland in 1854, which almost makes his tongue-in-cheek humor funny when one reads his racist quips about the “savage” Scots. It should be duly noted, however, that Frazer’s discrimination was applied equally to all ethnic groups. This was a common practice among nineteenth century (and even some twentieth century) social scientists. I’m not excusing it, of course, but explaining that both their personal and professional experiences were molded by the cultural norms of their day, namely, unchecked racism and discrimination. Once again, this does not mean that this book doesn’t have value, but readers should be prepared before they delve deep into this book.
I realize that the chances of people actually READING this book cover-to-cover are low. For those people who do want to consume the entire book, I recommend that both the book **and** a narrated audio version be purchased at the same time. When I was in graduate school, this wasn’t an option. But times are different and I encourage potential readers to take advantage of the benefits of read-along narration. In fact, this is what I also did.
I won’t bother providing an academic review because people have been reading (or skimming!) and reviewing this book for over one hundred and thirty years. In short, this book sought to answer two questions:
1Q. Why did the Roman priesthood of Diana at Nemi require ritual murder? For an untold number of years, only a runaway slave could become Diana’s priest, called “King of the Wood.” In order to pass down the title and office, another runaway slave would have to murder him.
1A. According to Frazer, Diana’s priest—the “Divine King”(aka King of the Wood)—became a god upon achieving the priesthood by virtue of his marriage to the goddess. But gods can’t be replaced! And the priest is actually human. So, in order for the usurper to take the “Divine King’s” place **and** be reincarnated as a god, the former “god” had to ritually (and literally) die. But why did the old “King of the Wood” have to die in the first place? Why couldn’t the successor just inherit his title after his death? Frazer answers that question on page 547:
“…it is necessary to put the king to death while he is still in the full bloom of his divine manhood, in order that his sacred life, transmitted in unabated force to his successor, may renew its youth, and thus by successive transmissions through a perpetual line of vigorous incarnations may remain eternally fresh and young, a pledge and security that men and animals shall in like manner renew their youth by a perpetual succession of generations, and that seedtime and harvest, and summer and winter, and rain and sunshine shall never fail. That, if my conjecture is right, was why the priest of Aricia, the King of the Wood at Nemi, had regularly to perish by the sword of his successor…”
2Q. Why did the usurping future priest have to first take a branch from a tree associated with Virgil—the “Golden Bough”?
2A. On page 648, Frazer states that the-then current priest, also known as “King of the Wood,” was the living personification of the tree that the Golden Bough was taken from. So, before he could slay the priest, the usurper had to first break a twig from that tree—using a form of negative sympathetic magic—to “slay” the priest before actually killing him.
Frazer advocated for a theory of Cultural Evolution, believing that human societies “advanced” from, firstly, a magical-based society, then became a society based on religion, and finally, over time, “evolved” into a society based entirely on science. Like other scholars of his era, Frazer was heavily influenced by Darwin and believed that, just like biological evolution, humans also evolved culturally (unfortunately, this theory played a role in the-then growing pseudoscience of Social Darwinism aka Eugenics). As a result of Frazer’s theorizing, this book necessarily focuses heavily on magic.
Modern scholars see the deficiencies (and the inherent dangers) in both Frazer’s theorizing and in his arguments. However, anthropologists in particular continue to read this behemoth of a book because it is an integral part of the history of anthropological thought. In fact, if any of you happen to take an undergraduate course in Anthropological Theory, you will definitely hear Frazer’s name mentioned, though you likely won’t read any of his works in full unless you attend graduate school or are interested in the history of magic.
When Frazer wrote this book, he had no idea how important it would be to future audiences. But he likely would have found it impertinent that early Wiccans—roughly just a decade after his own death in 1941—actually used this book as a primary source when they (Stewart and Janet Farrar) incorporated the Oak and Holly Kings into their ceremonies and yearly calendar. Despite this book’s multiple deficiencies, it continues to be an important study.