Two great armies fought at Gettysburg over three long days; and when the smoke had cleared there, the United States Army’s victory over its rebel adversaries marked a critical turning point toward ultimate victory for the Union cause. One of the most crucial engagements in that larger battle took place on a small, rocky hill that residents of that region of Pennsylvania were accustomed to refer to as Little Round Top. And Glenn W. LaFantasie explores the factors that made the successful U.S. defense of Little Round Top a crucial part of the larger Union victory, in his 2005 book Twilight at Little Round Top.
LaFantasie, a professor of history at Western Kentucky University, captures well the drama and horror of that one key moment from the Battle of Gettysburg, letting the reader follow along as The Tide Turns at Gettysburg (the book’s subtitle). LaFantasie makes clear the reasons why the U.S. defense of Little Round Top on the second day at Gettysburg - a location that marked the left flank of the entire Union position - was key to Union victory in the battle.
In considering the major tactical decisions of both Union and Confederate officers at Gettysburg generally, and at Little Round Top particularly, LaFantasie inevitably engages some of the enduring controversies in which both eminent scholars and more casual Civil War enthusiasts have engaged over the years. When, for instance, he considers the disagreements that occurred at Gettysburg between Confederate Generals Robert E. Lee (who held overall command of the rebel army at Gettysburg) and James Longstreet, LaFantasie must consider that for decades, it was customary in the South to hold Lee blameless for the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg, and to ascribe Longstreet’s sometimes slow execution of Lee’s orders to either incompetence or insubordination – all part of the postwar “Lee cult” that “sought to silence any criticism of Lee” (p. 249). More modern scholarship has generally been more sympathetic to Longstreet, the general who was once referred to as “Lee’s tarnished lieutenant.”
LaFantasie’s conclusion, in looking at Lee’s orders that Longstreet attempt to take the Union position at Little Round Top, is scrupulously fair to both officers: “Experience and instinct told Longstreet that this battle could not be won; the same sensibilities convinced Lee otherwise. As a result, Longstreet found himself caught in an officer’s worst dilemma – the necessity of carrying out orders in which one has no faith” (pp. 49-50).
Readers of Michael Shaara’s much-loved Gettysburg novel The Killer Angels (1974), and viewers of Ken Burns’s documentary film The Civil War (1990) or Ronald Maxwell’s 1993 feature film Gettysburg (an adaptation of Shaara’s novel), may be used to seeing a great deal of attention paid to Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, the commander of the 20th Maine Infantry Regiment that played a crucial role in the Union’s successful defense of Little Round Top. LaFantasie, by contrast, places more emphasis on the role played by Strong Vincent, a Pennsylvania-born general who commanded the 3rd Brigade of the Union Army’s V Corps.
In contrast to Chamberlain (who is depicted rather critically – LaFantasie focuses in some detail on Chamberlain’s reputation, among his fellow officers, for egotism and vainglory), Vincent emerges as a sympathetic and compelling figure. The reader learns that “With a strong voice and a quick mind, [Vincent] commanded attention” – and that, though he was just 27 years old and had assumed brigade command just six weeks before Gettysburg, “Vincent was admired by the men of the 83rd Pennsylvania and respected as both a tough disciplinarian and a hard fighter” (pp. 106-07). And there is an element of pathos in the way LaFantasie points out how “this battle at Gettysburg worried [Vincent] like no other battle had before, and [fellow Union officer] Oliver Norton sensed that Vincent may have had a premonition of his own demise” (pp. 107-08).
Vincent’s feelings of foreboding were warranted; Gettysburg was indeed his last battle. LaFantasie captures well the drama of a crucial moment when some irresolution within the 16th Michigan Infantry at Little Round Top created a moment of crisis that Vincent sought to address:
The faltering of the 16th Michigan immediately created a crisis on Vincent’s right, for it appeared that his entire flank was about to cave in. Vincent saw the trouble, jumped from his high perch on a rock behind the 83rd Pennsylvania, and ran to do whatever he could to buttress his right. Using the riding crop his wife had given him as a whip, Vincent tried to drive the men from the 16th Michigan’s right wing back into line, but as he did so he was struck by a minié ball, which had passed through his left groin and lodged in his left thigh. “This is the fourth or fifth time they have shot at me,” he said to the men who had gathered around him and were hustling to carry him toward the rear, “and they have hit me at last.” (p. 150)
Yet when all seemed lost at Little Round Top, Chamberlain ordered a bayonet charge by his 20th Maine Regiment – an unorthodox and “old-school,” but inspired, tactical innovation to which LaFantasie gives due recognition – and that crucial piece of high ground on the extreme left of the Union line was held.
Strong Vincent is once again a subject of focus when LaFantasie describes the dying Union officer’s last days. Pale with loss of blood, Vincent nonetheless expressed great pleasure at hearing that the Union line still held. And in Vincent’s dying moments, LaFantasie seems to convey the depth of all the grief and mourning generated by the loss of life in battles like Gettysburg:
Vincent lingered on for several days….He asked for his wife to be sent word of his condition, with a request for her to come to Gettysburg. A message was sent, but it did not reach Vincent’s wife in time. He suffered severe pain, but he tried not to show it. “I presume,” said Vincent, “that I have done my last fighting.” He grew so weak that he could no longer speak. On July 7, a telegram from President Lincoln, commissioning Vincent a brigadier general, was read to him, but he could not acknowledge that the president had promoted him for bravery in the line of duty. Vincent died later that day. His body was transported to Erie for burial. (p. 207)
In a thoughtful epilogue, LaFantasie looks past the Gettysburg battle to the immortal address that President Lincoln gave at the dedication of the National Cemetery there in November of 1863. With the high human cost of Gettysburg fixed in the reader’s mind, there is additional force in LaFantasie’s suggestion that “Lincoln’s address was part eulogy, part elegy. Having come to dedicate the cemetery in the name of the American people, the president’s mind was very much on the dead who were to be buried in this place” (p. 251).
While acknowledging the uplifting manner in which the address vindicates and celebrates American democracy, LaFantasie makes sure that the reader does not forget that “the ringing words Lincoln spoke at Gettysburg also helped the nation confront the horror of battle, the terrible price of war, face to face….Lincoln’s speech was a national message of comfort and condolence to a country that had been bled almost white, a people who had lost their most precious young men, a society that had suffered hardships and sorrows that seemed to have no end” (p. 253).
Near the end of the film Gettysburg, Chamberlain (played by Jeff Daniels) asks a fellow officer, “Has it got a name, this hill?” The officer replies, “This is Little Round Top. That’s the name of the hill you defended.” “Is that so?” Chamberlain muses. “I guess I’ll remember that.” And Little Round Top remains a name that everyone should remember. Read Twilight at Little Round Top before your next visit to the Gettysburg National Military Park; and when you get to Stop #8 on the battlefield driving tour, you may well find that you are looking at Little Round Top with new insights. By focusing on one crucial part of the Gettysburg story, LaFantasie’s book reveals many larger truths about the larger Battle of Gettysburg, and about the American Civil War generally.