I started Cranford in low-expectation mode, as a piece of invalid reading, to read while I was languishing with a bad cold (the literary equivalent of the unalluring “bread-jelly” that one of the old-biddy protagonists of Elizabeth Gaskell’s 1853 novel likes to inflict on her ailing neighbours). “Cosy” is a rather offputting term used in book marketing, so you can have “cosy detective novels” and—more disturbingly—"cosy crime novels” and “cosy murder mysteries.” I had always had the impression that Cranford was a species of “cosy classic,” warmer and easier and less spiky than, say, Gaskell’s magnificent North and South (1854).
In a way, I suppose that’s true, but Cranford’s peaceful village setting and spinster-rich cast-list are self-effacing wrappings for what is actually a sophisticated and intriguingly elusive work. Gaskell wrote it fairly early in her career, between Mary Barton (1848) and Ruth (1853), with their challenging social-political themes. She published it in instalments in Dickens’s Household Words magazine, and it was clearly a work that came into being progressively. The early installments could almost be one-off sketches, like the essay that sparked the book, “The Last Generation in England,” published in a US magazine in 1849 (and included in the excellent Oxford World’s Classics edition as an appendix). It was only over a period of time, 1851-53, that the episodic pieces began to coalesce into something like a novel, with some kind of narrative arc.
The sketchy, loose, minimalist structure that results from this process of composition is one of the factors that gives the book an oddly modernist character, despite its seemingly traditional subject matter. (Although, thinking of it, I’m not sure how traditional this subject matter was in the 1850s—it’s as if the low-key, comic characters of Mrs and Miss Bates in Jane Austen’s Emma had been given a starring role in their own novel.)
Another technical device contributing to the complexity of the whole is the highly mobile voice of the narrator, who is part of Cranford and yet not part of it—a young woman with the everywomanish name of Mary Smith, who is a frequent visitor to Cranford (based on Knutsford, in Cheshire, where Gaskell spent parts of her youth), but who is based in nearby Drumble, or Manchester (where Gaskell lived after her marriage). Mary acts as a mediator between the two worlds of rural Cranford and industrial Manchester, and the moral values of the genteel, cheese-paring ladies of the village, and the hard-headed businessmen of the city, represented in the novel by Mary’s off-stage father. Maybe Cranford is not so far from North and South as may at first appear.
“Mary Smith” starts as a narrator in an Austenish ironic mode, and the novel is quietly hilarious throughout in its deadpan recounting of the eccentricities of village life (some of the stranger of which, like the tale of the old dear who sews flannel undergarments for her beloved Alderney cow after it falls into a lime pit and burns off its coat, turn out to be based in sober truth, as Gaskell’s “Last Generation in England” essay makes clear). Across the book, however, “Mary Smith”’s voice gains a warmer tone, and a greater appreciation of the quiet heroism and moral dignity that coexist in some of her narrated characters. This is a warm novel, without being sentimental—not an easy trick to pull off.
The more I think about Cranford, in fact, the more I think it is some kind of quiet minor masterpiece. The family saga that emerges at the centre of the novel—the tale of the Jenkyns siblings and their parents—is quite dense, sketching an entire, tragic-comic story of everyday siblings and parents damaging one another without intending to in a wonderfully oblique and light-handed manner. The episodes concerning Cranford’s response to “outsiders,” including the comic, but disturbing, incident of mass panic about burglars and intruders triggered by the presence in the village of an Italianate “Musselman” conjurer, followed by an Irish beggar-woman, mix comedy with acute, politically-inflected social observation that is as relevant now as it was at the time. I finished the book thinking that it somehow transcends its age, precisely because its episodic model of composition somehow freed the author up. Not that her more fully structured novels are inferior (I loved the lesser known Sylvia’s Lovers, as well as North and South, and Wives and Daughters), but Cranford has a rather unexpected quality to it—a novel that resists the canonical novel form.