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Literary Essays

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Jean-Paul Sartre's influence on modern literature is based, not only on his remarkable philosophy and his stature as a playwright and novelist, but on his weight as a literary critic. First in France, and later abroad, his original and trenchant analysis of contemporary letters have sown the seeds from which a whole school of criticism sprung up.

In these sparkling essays he brings his unique viewpoint to bear upon a significant group of twentieth-century writers – men who are not only of first importance to the Existentialists, but who may be among the creative giants of our time: William Faulkner, Francois Mauriac, John Dos Passos, Jean Giraudoux, Albert Camus and Franz Kafka.

These fascinating studies extend still further the range of Sartre's ideas, as well as clarifying the aesthetic theories laid down in Being and Nothingness. They make provocative reading for anyone whose ears are not closed to the more controversial issues of the day.

-from jacket 1957

96 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 1957

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About the author

Jean-Paul Sartre

1,098 books13.1k followers
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution."
Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity (mauvaise foi, literally, 'bad faith') and an "authentic" way of "being" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'Être et le Néant, 1943). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism Is a Humanism (L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture.

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Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 reviews
Profile Image for Greg.
1,128 reviews2,149 followers
December 26, 2007
Yet another collection of Sartre that can be found in other books. There was a time that I'd read anything Sartre wrote, even re-read a book I'd already read as long as the title was different.
Profile Image for Nikola Jankovic.
617 reviews152 followers
December 31, 2024
Ova zbirka sadrži pet Sartrovih eseja. Najpoznatiji je svakako Egzistencijalizam je humanizam, koji nam veoma jasno objašnjava ideju egzistencijalizma i priča nam kako da pristupimo životu punim plućima. Ujedno, daje nam do znanja da ćemo time na svoja pleća staviti i veliku odgovornost za sopstvene izbore. Egzistencijalista ne traži izgovore u drugima, u religiji ili politici, a time dostiže maksimalnu slobodu.

Posle ovih tridesetak stranica ti je jasno zašto je ta filozofija toliko uticajna na moderno društvo. "Egzistencija prethodi esenciji" je ključna ideja: "čovjek najprije egzistira, sebe susreće, iskrsava u svijetu i zatim sebe definira. Ako se čovjek, kakvog ga poima egzistencijalist, ne može definirati, to je zato što on najprije nije ništa. On će tek poslije biti, i bit će takav kakvim će sebe učiniti. Tako nema ljudske prirode, jer nema boga da je pojmi., Čovjek je ne samo takav kakvim sebe pojmi, nego i takav kakav sebe hoće, i kako sebe pojmi nakon egzistencije, kako sebe hoće nakon tog poleta spram egzistencije; čovjek nije ništa drugo nego ono što od sebe čini."

Od toga sledi da je svaki čovek potpuno odgovoran, za sebe samoga. "Nismo htjeli reći da je čovjek odgovoran za svoju striktnu individualnost, nego da je odgovoran za sve ljude." Kad bira sebe, kad bira šta želi da napravi od sebe, kakvu esenciju, čovek zapravo bira (za) sve ljude. Misao da je naša odgovornost mnogo veća nego što smo to mogli pretpostaviti, jer "ona obavezuje čitavo čovečanstvo" je ono zbog čega čitamo idealističku filozofiju.

Ipak, takva sloboda donosi i osećaj teskobe. Time što bira sebe, što odbacuje boga, odbacuje da neko drugi bira umesto njega, čovek polaže račune samom sebi, ali i celom čovečanstvu, i tako "ne može izbjeći čuvstvu svoje totalne i duboke odgovornosti." Čovek je u potpunosti odgovoran za svoje izbore, što Sartr povezuje sa idejom autentičnosti - prihvatanje ove odgovornosti omogućava osobi da živi u skladu sa sopstvenim vrednostima, bez bežanja u lažne izgovore ili unapred zadate norme. U nastavku koristeći Kantov kategorički imperativ ipak kaže na šta je mislio sa "biramo za celo čovečanstvo": "Uistinu se treba svagda pitati: što bi se dogodilo kad bi čitav svijet isto tako činio?, i ova se uznemirujuća misao izbjegava nekom vrstom neiskrenosti."

Citira i Dostojevskog, i to onu njegovu maksimu koju sa različitim razumevanjem koriste i hrišćani i ateisti - Kad bog ne bi opstojao, sve bi bilo dozvoljeno. Naravno, Sartr je moj čovek, pa ga citira iz tačke gledišta ovih drugih: "To je izlazište egzistencijalizma. U stvari, sve je dozvoljeno ako bog ne egzistira, i prema tome čovjek je napušten jer ne nalazi ni u sebi ni izvan sebe mogućnost da se osloni. Prije svega, on ne nalazi isprike. Nema determinizma, čovjek je slobodan, čovjek je sloboda. Nemamo ni iza sebe ni pred sobom opravdanja ili isprike. Mi smo sami, bez isprike. To je ono što bih želeo da izreknem govoreći da je čovjek osuđen da bude slobodan. Osuđen, jer nije sam sebe stvorio, a ipak, inače, slobodan, jer je, jednom bačen u svijet, odgovoran za sve što čini. Egzistencijalist ne vjeruje u moć strasti - on misli da je čovjek odgovoran za svoju strast."

Skoro je neverovatno šta sve stane na 30 strana - Sartr priča i o moralu u ratu, o izboru i angažmanu, o opštem moralu ("nema ga"), o ljudskoj prirodi ("nema je"), suprotstavljanju kvijetizmu ("ne treba se nadati da bi se nešto poduzelo" i "čovjek je svoj projekat"), a u jednom posebno moćnom pasusu i o neiskrenosti:

"Možemo i shvatiti zašto se neki ljudi zgražaju nad našom naukom. Jer oni često imaju samo jedan način da podnesu svoju bijedu, a to je da misle: 'Prilike su bile protiv mene, ja sam mnogo više vrijedio od onog što sam bio; sigurno, nisam imao veliku ljubav ili veliku prijateljstvo, ali to je zato što nisam susreo čovjeka ili ženu koji bi bili toga dostojni."

Sartr poentira - ljudi bi želeli da se rađamo kao kukavice ili heroji, želeli bi da to ne zavisi od nas. "Kukavica je definiran aktom koji je izvršio. On je kriv što je kukavica. Egzistencijalist kaže da se kukavica čini kukavicom, da se heroj čini herojem; svagda za kukavicu opstoji mogućnost da ne bude više kukavica, a za heroja da prestane biti herojem. Čovjeka definira akcija, jer je sudbina čovjeka u njemu samome, a nada je samo u njegovoj akciji."

Ova, "jedina teorija koja daje dostojanstvo čovjeku", je veoma bliska mom pristupu životu, iako se ne slažem baš sa svakom rečju. Slobodna volja - da - ali nismo baš tooooliko slobodni. Postoji mnogo faktora koji ograničavaju našu mogućnost izbora. Voleo bih i ja da igram u NBA, ali...
Ograničenja se tako mogu naći i u našoj inteligenciji, mestu rođenja, za neke nažalost i dalje u boji kože, svakako u genetskom materijalu, ali i finansijskoj sigurnosti u kojoj (ni)su rođeni. Ako gledamo Sartrove reči, verujem da je i on toga svestan, ali čak i u okviru ograničenih izbora, mogućnosti su velike. Svako može imati dobro prijateljstvo, veliku ljubav, uživanje u životu na način koji mu je moguć. Sve manje od toga je kukavičluk. 

"To da mi iznalazimo vrijednosti ne znači drugo nego ovo: a priori život nema smisla. Prije no što živite, život nije ništa, ali na vama je da mu date neki smisao, i vrijednost nije ništa drugo nego taj smisao koji izabirete," da se vratimo na nezaboravnog Rokentana u Mučnini.

Posle ovog eseja, bilo bi suvišno očekivati da će i preostali biti na istom nivou. Skica za teoriju emocija kaže da emocije nisu samo pasivne reakcije na događaje, već naše svesne aktivnosti uiz pomoć kojih menjamo stvarnost. Sartr se fokusira na strategiju "menjanja stvarnosti u nešto što je lakše podneti", ali kreće od toga da čovek oblikuje svoj svet, a istovremeno svet oblikuje čovekovo iskustvo i razumevanje. Ovaj deo je teži za čitanje, pa se treba vraćati da bi se sve razumelo, ali suština je i ovde da imamo slobodnu volju, da aktivno učestvujemo u stvaranju sebe kao ljudskog bića - kroz svoje izbore i postupke.

Ima i ovde jedna jaka misao, koja se tiče šireg okvira egzistencijalizma, gde emocije igraju ulogu u kreiranju doživljavanja stvarnosti kakvu mi vidimo, i na taj način i slobodnog oblikovanja sopstvenog sveta: "Emocija je spontana i doživljena degradacija svesti suočene sa svetom. Ono što na određen način ona ne može da podnese, - pokušava da shvati na drugi način, uspavljajući..."

Esej Imaginarno je i najduži u ovoj zbirci (skoro 200 strana), ali i najteži za razumevanje. Trudio sam se, otprilike do polovine je pun zabeleški i podvučenih misli, ali mi je izazov bio Sartrov stil, korišćenje apstraktnih pojmova i kompleksnih rečenice, a zahteva i razumevanje fenomenologije. Tu sam nestao. U suštini, ovaj esej istražuje prirodu imaginacije i način na koji ljudi stvaraju slike stvarnosti koje nisu prisutne, a sve to kroz svetlo fenomenologije. Ovde ima reči o psihologiji, ali i o umetnosti, i radi se o delu koji bi verovatno trebalo ponovo pročitati, (još) sporije.

Jedna osnovna ideja Huserlove fenomenologije: Intencionalnost bavi se ključnim fenomenološkim konceptom da svaka svest ima svoj objekat - svest je uvek usmerena 'ka nečemu.' Za Sartra, intencionalnost nije samo osnovna karakteristika svesti već temelj za analizu odnosa subjekta i objekta. Ovo oblikuje njegovu filozofiju jer pokazuje kako svest ne postoji samo tu negde, u vakuumu, već se stalno angažuje sa svetom, što omogućava razumevanje slobode i odgovornosti kao suštine naše egzistencije. Transcendencija ego-a se suprotstavlja stereotipnim idejama o egu, tvrdeći da je ego ustvari spoljašnji konstrukt, i po meni donosi najmanje vrednosti ovoj zbirci. 

Dosad sam čitao Sartrove romane, kratke pripovetke, i autobiografiju Reči. Iako je probijanje kroz ovo bilo naporno, i zahtevalo je sporost i fokus, sve je jasnije zašto Sartrovo ime toliko znači u istoriji misli dvadesetog veka. Poput Kamija, u stanju je da ispriča priču, da u nju uglavi životnu filozofiju, ali i da se spusti na dubine za potpuno razumevanje kojih ti treba (barem mi se tako ponekad činilo) diploma Filozofskog fakulteta.
Profile Image for Andrew Noselli.
705 reviews80 followers
August 17, 2023
When I was a young man, for years I beat myself up because I didn't understand Sartre's writing. However, only now have I accepted the fact that I was right in my original rejection of his philosophy, simply because, in my opinion, it does not make sense when taken in a straightforward cogent way. Maybe I'm being too harsh with the man I once considered to be the number one philosophical hero of the 20th century, a man who stood on the shoulders of Nietzsche to survey post-World War II Western thinking in a non-virtual grandiose way. I have since found the writings of Adorno and Habermas to be more to my liking and, the truth is, I have been able to appreciate them once I reached my current and more mature age. Put simply, I consider Sartre a failure because he doesn't measure up heuristically, in the sense that I feel his philosophical propositions are somewhat hollow-bodied, having been written "on the wings" of literature.
Profile Image for Brian Washines.
234 reviews3 followers
September 15, 2023
A snug compendium of various comments by the master existentialist. Just a man talking about his contemporaries, his ideas, and his observations. Especially of our American metropolises. If you aren't ready quite yet to tackle his behemoth Being and Nothingness yet, this volume, wherever it be, would be a nice start.
Profile Image for Julio The Fox.
1,748 reviews122 followers
November 17, 2025
Reading Jean-Paul Sartre is like stepping into a clear blue pool of water to shake off the grime of industrial materialist civilization. He soars above what Trotsky called "the stupidity of the everyday empirical" and yet his concerns are those of his fellows, Jews, atheists and Christians, workers and intellectuals, Europeans and the citizens of the hegemon, the United States. LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS, collected in 1962, find Sartre in top form, at the conclusion of the Algerian War he had done so much to oppose, and when his fame had reached global proportions, just before he was awarded and refused the Noble Prize in Literature. "It is not at all the same if I sign my name Jean-Paul Sartre than if I sign it Sartre Noble Prize Winner. I am not an institution". Three topics earn his concern and meditation: the literary revolution in language since he stated writing in the Thirties; his break with long-time friend and fellow existentialist Albert Camus; and the preponderance of the United States in politics and literature. Sartre is dazzled by the new writing coming out of America, particularly John Dos Passos' U.S.A. trilogy, with its use of cinematic and journalistic techniques to portray a giant in motion. "Dos Passos is the foremost writer of our time". (Sartre would later revise his opinion of Dos Passos, but by then Dos Passos had shifted his politics to the far right.) His enthusiastic appraisal of Camus's THE STRANGER is mellowed by the fact that the absurd world he paints in French Algeria shows no sign of a history or political context for readers to evaluate Mersault's "acte gratuite" of killing an Arab. Sartre thus ably foreshadows the later political twist of Camus in defense of French colonialism in North Africa, and the sad break between the two men. The last essays in this collection, on Cartesian Materialism and Sartre's recollections of his trips to New York in fact share the same preoccupation; modern society, the product of centuries of a Cartesian worship of science, and its material base, reaching new heights in the United States, are both exhausted, resulting in soulless men in search of freedom. Sartre loves the Manhattan skyline as much as he loves Descartes. These two pillars of modern civilization must be transcended, not discarded. There is something for everyone in LITERARY AND POLITICAL ESSAYS, everyone who is willing to take the time to listen to Sartre and his cri de coeur for a life of choices, not final answers.
Profile Image for Ben.
916 reviews62 followers
August 13, 2016
I vacillated between awarding this book 4 stars and 5 stars, but I think my hesitation in giving it the higher rating was not so much owing to Sartre's faults, but rather to my own unfamiliarity with some of the works he critiqued in this collection. The work consisted of seven essays -- concerned principally with the art of Francois Mauriac, Jean Giradoux, Maurice Blanchot, Albert Camus, William Faulkner (the subject of two essays) and John Dos Passos, but also tying in discussions of Hemingway, Kafka and Proust (coincidentally, I was reading Swann's Way at the same time as this work) and also with the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. I was already acquainted with Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, (which I read just last year, or perhaps it was the year before) and with Camus' The Stranger (which I read nearly a decade ago, but want to now read again in conjunction with The Myth of Sisyphus), and I was familiar with Dos Passos as an author by way of what Hemingway and others have said of him, even if not very well acquainted with his work. In this sense, I felt that I gained the most from the essays on Camus (my favorite in this collection) and on Faulkner (even the essay on Sartoris because, although I am a stranger to that work, I am familiar with his artistry). But because of the beauty of the words chosen at times and because the themes with which Sartre dealt -- principally freedom and time, but also memory (related to time) -- are so universal, even if I couldn't quite relate to each essay, I could still find some great philosophical value and admirable qualities to be found in each work and most certainly in the collection as a whole.

Also, while I have read some of Sartre's plays and though I know that he was a novelist as well, I tend to think of him mainly as a philosopher (knowing well that this does not exclude him from being an artist, but nonetheless). So it was interesting for me to find Sartre singing the praises of some of his favorite artists. It added for me a more human dimension to him to find him expressing admiration for the work of Dos Passos, Hemingway, Camus and Kafka.
Profile Image for Isrrael Mendez.
9 reviews13 followers
April 16, 2020
Vuelve a nos esa corriente tan antes difundida y certera, el humanismo.
Sartre en este libro retalla las peculiaridades de autores tales Gide y Camus
Se pone de manifiesto su materialismo burgués, a pesar de participar en el PC
situación similar a la del señor Merleau-Ponty, director por entonces de
"Les Temps Modernes" revista de asuntos políticos de la década de los 40
El autor hace una recuento sobre la situación de caída de la revista
acerca de la censura política impuesta por Merleau, y sus afinidades de genio a pesar de afirmar
que trabajan mejor esas dos cabezas juntas que por separado, resalta su
rotunda modestia al tratar sobre temas en que claramente difieren entre artículos redactados
Lo mas especial de la obra es la belleza que se le da a Francia de Buonoratti, de Jacopo a través
de la prosa que esbozan los colores, negocios y sortilegios, al final la belleza al contemplar
toda Venecia desde su balcón, 5 estrellas adorna, no en vano rechazo al premio Nobel en su tiempo.
Profile Image for Martin Bihl.
532 reviews16 followers
September 25, 2008
whew.

look, i don't consider myself an idiot, but the last three or four essays were way way way over my head. so perhaps i'm not the best person to comment on them.

that said, the earlier essays - on camus and the stranger, on faulkner, on american cities - i found fascinating and compelling. probably because i had more of a clue what the hell was going on.
3 reviews3 followers
Want to read
October 16, 2007
Actually a 1957 Wisdom / Philosophical Library Hardcover.
60 reviews
January 19, 2024
Sartre can really string a sentence together, unfortunately its content is too French, hysterical, and fanciful to leave a lasting impression.
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