Despite occasional misinterpretations, people in most situations manage to understand utterances essentially as they were intended. The reason is that, without cause to expect otherwise, interlocutors normally trust that they and their conversational partners are honoring the same interpretive conventions. Hearers assume simply that speakers have honored the conventions of interpretation in constructing their utterances. Speakers, on the other hand, must make a twofold assumption: not only that hearers will themselves be guided by the conventions, but also that hearers will trust speakers to have honored those conventions in constructing their utterances. There is an unspoken pact that people will cooperate in communicating with each other, and speakers rely on this cooperation to make conversation efficient.