The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam" by Husain Muhammad Jafri is a seminal work that provides a comprehensive exploration of the historical emergence and evolution of Shia Islam.
Jafri's work delves into the formative years of Islam, tracing the schism between Sunni and Shia communities back to the aftermath of Prophet Muhammad's demise. Jafri contends that there are three main events which serve as a critical point for the Shias. First was the election of Abu Bakr as caliph, when the right choice should've been Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was divinely ordained for the post. Second was the martyrdom of Hussain bin Ali at Karbala, and third was the occultation of the Twelfth Imam - Muhammad Al Mahdi.
The intrinsic point of contention between the Sunnis and Shias is the criteria through which leadership of the community is bestowed upon an individual. Sunnis believe that the criteria should be : astuteness in political affairs and administration and ability to rule the subjects effectively. Shia religio political theory revolves around the concept of "Wilaya" which means that God has bestowed upon the family of the Prophet special honour and qualities, thereby making them the ideal rulers, and that through their presence on earth His grace is disseminated. The other two terms of doctrinal importance are wisaya - trusteeship or custodianship, and warith - heir and legatee. The chosen Imam is divinely inspired and possessor of a special sum of knowledge of religion, which can only be passed on before his death to the following Imam. In this way the Imam of the time becomes the exclusively authoritative source of knowledge in religious matters, and thus without his guidance no one can keep to the right path. This special knowledge includes both the external ( zahir ) and the esoteric ( batin ) meanings of the Qur'an.
In conclusion, "The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam" stands as a magnum opus in the field of Islamic studies. Jafri's meticulous research, balanced perspective, and clear exposition make this book an indispensable resource for anyone seeking a profound understanding of the formative years of Shia Islam
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