Boileau’s verse treatise on poetry of 1674, is an important document of the 17th century. It belonged to the neo-classical period. His main intention was .to teach the poets to follow rules to write.
‘What’er you write of pleasant or sublime,
Always let sense accompany your rime;
Falsely they seem each other to oppose
Rime must be made with reason’s laws to close;
And when to conquer her you bend your force,
The mind will triumph in the noble course;
To reason’s yoke she quickly will incline,
Which, far from hurting, renders her divine
But if neglected, will easily stray,
And master reason, which she . should obey.
Love reason then, and let what’ver you write
Borrow from her its beauty, force and light.
Boileau’s advice to study nature ends up by being the advice to study the classics. Boileau gave prominence to the unities of action, time and place. He also gives practical suggestions for French verse.
He believes, a Spanish writer may put the whole life of a man in one play,
‘But we, that are to reason’s rule confined,
Will that with art the poem be designed,
That unity of action, time, and place,
Keep the stage full and all our labours grace.’
The Renaissance critics gave positive instructions in conformity to classical conventions. Boileau makes a comparative assessment. Ronsard and Malherb and placed the latter higher than the former.
Ronsard had imitated Pindar and Anacreon too much and choked his poetry. Therefore, Boileau’s instruction was to write with clarity and spontaneously.
‘More pleased we are to see a river lead
His gentle streams along a flowery mead,
Than from high banks to hear loud torrents roar,
With foamy waters, on a muddy shore.
Gently make haste, of labour not afraid,
A hundred times consider what you’ve said;
Polish, repolish, every colour lay,
And sometimes add, but oftener take away.’
Boileau’s next injunction is to stick to decorum. He prefers that poets should use classical names like Hector, Alexander, Ulysses, and Achilles. A poet should not use a mediqual name like Child broad. His injunction for a poet is to,
‘Allow your work a just and noble flight’
He says that during the Renaissance Vida could write,
‘When things are small the terms should still be so;
For low words please us when theme is low.
But Boileau, does not agree with Vida.
‘In all you write be neither low nor vide;
The meanest theme.. may have a proper style.’
Boileau shows his preference for the classical writers as against Tasso and Guarini who wanted to use Christian subjects. Boileau allows only classical machinery.
‘Besides, what pleasure can it be to hear
The howlings of repining Lucifer,
Whose rage at your imagined hero flies,
And off with God himself diputes the prize.’
Boileau believed that poetry should be patronised by the king and noble patrons.
‘...verse is cherished by the great,
And now none famish who deserve to eat.
What can we fear when virtue, arts, and sense,
Receive the stars’ propitious influence,
When a sharp-sighted prince, by early grants,
Rewards your merit, and prevents, your wants?
Sing then his glory, celebrate his fame, .
Your noblest theme is his immortal name.’
Recommended as a classic of literary criticism.