Markus Gabriel's Moral Realism
I became interested in this book, "Moral Progress in Dark Times: Universal Values for the Twenty-First Century" from reading a July 1, 2023 review by Erica Lucast Stonestreet in the online journal, "Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews". The book's author, Markus Gabriel (b. 1980) is a German philosopher at the University of Bonn who has also held several fellowships in the United States. He writes for both a scholarly and a popular audience. Wieland Hoban translated the book into English.
In his book, Gabriel undertakes the ambitious project of reviving a position of moral realism and placing moral realism in the context of our troubled modern times, with its pandemic, dictatorships, increasing violence, digitalization,and environmental issues. These and other factors are the source of "dark times" a phrase that may be derived from Hannah Arendt, an author Gabriel admires, and her book "Men in Dark Times". Gabriel's book aims to develop a philosophy of moral realism which he also calls a new enlightenment and to show its importance in helping lead people out of their current difficult situation. The book is broad in scope as Gabriel explains what moral realism is, contrasts it to various other form of thought, particularly relativism, neo-liberalism, and scientism, and tries to show how moral realism may help as a force for moral progress.
Gabriel summarizes the goal of his book in the Epilogue in which he emphasizes the objective character of morality and the existence of "moral facts": He writes:
"I will have reached my goal for now if you have understood that moral progress in dark times is possible, and that there are objectively existing moral facts that address us as humans and neither have nor need any justification through evolution, God, or universal human reason. Ethics requires no substantiation outside of itself; its claims collapse if one does not acknowledge that rational, systematic, open-ended and fallible reflection is the best way to find out what we should or should not do for ethical reasons. This practice of reflection rests on a millenia-old history that began on the European continent with the ancient Greeks, but which is found in many cultures and also developed in the interwoven histories of other parts of humanity."
He follows with a broad statement about the nature of human life which has heavy overtones from the philosophy of Kant: "The aim and meaning of human life is a good life. A good life is one in which we make ourselves responsible actors in the kingdom of ends and understand ourselves as living beings that are capable of higher, universal morality. Such a conception of humans is the foundation of all enlightenment, which has occurred in various places in all parts of the world at different times."
In the opening part of the book, Gabriel develops the core claims of his moral realism, He states that moral facts exist objectively independent of the opinion of any person or group, that moral facts are knowable and "spirit dependent" but in dark times they are clouded over by lies, propaganda, ideology, Third, Gabriel argues for the universality of moral facts, at all times and places independent of culture, gender, religion, age, national origin. Gabriel discusses and tries to rebut various post-modernism and theories of ethical and cultural relativism. The discussions are lengthy and dense, but important.
The second part of the book, "Why there are Moral Facts but not Ethical Dilemmas" discsses the many sources in life of carrying through on the objectivity of moral facts and the demands of morality, The third part of the book,"Social Identity: Why Racism,Xenophobia, and Misogyny are Evil" explores the tortuous theme of identity -- I was initially attracted to the book because I am interested in issues surrounding identity and wanted to learn Gabriel's views. He sees identity claims, racial, nationalistic, religious, gender-based, as inconsistent with the universal character of moral fact. He develops his critique in part based upon scientific findings and he uses it to attack identity-driven politics not only on the right but on the left as well. His goal is something of a radical centrism.
The book's final part, "Moral Progress in the Twenty-First Century" is even more expansive than what proceeded it. Gabriel had described human life in spiritual terms as "the capacity to lead a life in accordance with a notion of who we are and who we want to be." (179) This leads to a large conception of the nature of being human which separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. Gabriel argues that human spirit does not get recognition in current reductive forms of thought such as neo-liberalism, with its focus on economics and on the power of self-interest, or exclusive emphasis on science, which ignores other important humanistic ways of understanding life. In a lengthy footnote, Gabriel writes: "There are no findings in natural science which prove that neither God nor an immortal soul exist. The possible character of the scientifically observable universe has no bearing on the metaphysical question of whether there are dimensions of reality that go beyond what can be scientifically observed." (261) Gabriel believes that educational process need to be redirected to emphasize factors other than mathematics and science. In particular, he argues that education should be broadly humanistic and should include, in particular, the study of philosophy, logic, ethics and metaphysics for a critical, non-reductionist approach to questions of the meaning of human life.
"Moral Progress in Dark Times" is a challenging, provocative book. It is difficult in many places for readers familiar with philosophy not to speak of lay readers. I learned from the book and thought in broad outline if not in all specifics it was valuable. The publisher of the book, Polity Press, kindly sent me a review copy.
Robin Friedman