What does it take to make a dictator answer for his crimes? Hissène Habré, the former despot of Chad, had terrorized, tortured, and killed on a horrific scale over eight bloody years in power-all while enjoying full American and Western support. After Habré's overthrow, his victims and their supporters were determined to see him held responsible for his atrocities. Their quest for justice would be long, tense, and unnerving, but they would not back down.
To Catch a Dictator is a dramatic insider's account of the hunt for Habré and his momentous trial. The human rights lawyer Reed Brody recounts how he and an international team of investigators, legal experts, and victims worked across three continents to unearth evidence and witnesses, petition courts and skeptical governments, and rally public opinion. They faced many obstacles and constant threats. One of Brody's Chadian colleagues was gravely injured in a bomb attack, and another had to seek asylum in the United States. Habré fought back bitterly, drawing on secret bank accounts and extensive political connections to preserve his life of luxurious exile. Yet Brody and his allies ultimately triumphed: Habré became the first former head of state to be convicted of crimes against humanity in the courts of another country. This fast-paced, suspenseful book shows that there is nothing inevitable about the impunity that too often protects the powerful and that even the worst tyrants can be brought to justice.
The book also features a foreword by Jacqueline Moudeina, the lead lawyer for Hissène Habré's victims, who received the Right Livelihood Award (the "alternative Nobel Peace Prize") in 2011.
“The world leaders of the 2020s are not going to make it easy for victims and the activists supporting them to seek redress for what they have suffered. Then again, history is about more than what the ‘big men’ do. As Salvador Allende said in his last radio address, when Pinochet’s forces were already bombing his presidential palace, it is the people who make history.“
In TO CATCH A DICTATOR, human rights lawyer Reed Brody takes us through the eighteen years it took to hold accountable Chad dictator Hissène Habré for the torture and killing of thousands during his eight years in power.
In 1992, a report from a truth commission found that the Habré dictatorship killed and tortured at least 40,000 of his own countrymen. But just like many despots, Habré benefited from the impunity he promoted. After being removed from power in 1992, he went into exile in Senegal and lived a life of luxury, all while his victims and their families are left with no semblance of justice.
This has been an all-too familiar pattern when it comes to dictators and the countries they leave behind. Holding them accountable is usually the exception and not the norm, due to many factors, lack of political will being the most prevalent of them all.
But Brody, who then worked for Human Rights Watch, and his international team challenged the post-dictatorship status quo. Together with victims and Chadian human rights activists, they mounted an incredible campaign to haul Habré to court so he could answer for his crimes. It was not an easy feat, it took them more than a decade to actually begin a trial after navigating the crazy labyrinth that is international justice.
Brody’s book gives us through the events that led not just to Habré’s eventual life conviction, but also the behind the scenes as everyone grappled with the complexities of doing something that relatively has never been done before. Brody’s narration did not hold back, which I love, because as much as it highlighted the victories in the legal battle, it also pointed out the defeats and the wrong moves they made as individuals and as a team. For example, Brody introspected on being seen as being called a “dictator hunter” given him being a foreign white man, while also being fully aware of the role of his country, the United States, played on the rise and eventual brutality of Habré. The level of self-awareness in the book is laudable, considering that Habré’s camp made it a point to focus also on the case being a collusion among imperialist forces.
I learned a lot from this book. It gave me more details about the diplomatic side of fighting impunity, where sitting down with powers that be is inevitable, where you need to do backchannels to get your point across. It also feels like an exercise in grounding, a reality check, that no matter how idealistic and pure your intentions are, or of countries who deem themselves to be champions of human rights, self-interests will always get in the way.
In the end, Brody emphasized that what worked for their efforts was putting victims at the center of the action. This is why it was important for him to have the victims be vocal and have a say in the decision-making every step of the way. After all, it’s their memories and trauma that were unearthed in the years it took to bring their perpetrator to court.
Reading this book made me reflect about what’s going on in the Philippines in the aftermath of Rodrigo Duterte, whose presidency marked the worst human rights crisis in the country post-Martial Law. Thousands were also killed on the hands of state agents as promoted by Duterte’s violent war on drugs, and so far you can only count on one hand the number of convictions. Duterte, the man who ordered the slaughter, is also yet to be held accountable. Filipino lawmakers even proposed resolution calling for Congress to defend the former president. Duterte is also tagged to be the mastermind behind the notorious Davao Death Squad, who shares the same DDS acronym with Habré’s deadly Directorate of Documentation and Security.
Unlike Habré, it is the International Criminal Court investigating the killings under Duterte’s war on drugs. Brody critized the slow pace of usual proceedings at the ICC, which I believe is a valid criticism. But what’s happening at the international court should not be dismissed as a far-off possibility. It should be embraced, maybe with cautious optimism, but nonetheless should be acknowledged and appreciated. At the end of the day, this is what the families of the thousands of Duterte’s victims want. Who are we to dismiss their hopes just because we want to be realistic?
Habré was tried and convicted by a special court especially established by the African Union. This was a culmination of years of trying to find a court that would prosecute him – from Belgium to Chad to Senegal – because there was calls for him to be tried in an African court. At one point, leading Chadian human rights lawyer Jacqueline Moudeïna (who earlier survived a grenade explosion while protesting for justice) told the media: “Everyone talks about Africa’s honor, but no one is talking about the victims’ honor. What the victims care about is seeing justice in their lifetime.”
May the courage of Habré’s victims and the people who helped them serve as inspiration to us Filipinos. It is going to be a long battle ahead.
This is the story of the trial of Hissène Habré but it is also the story of the frail crust, the justice system, that covers a bottomless cavern of injustice.
The book starts with a forward from trial laywer and key figure in the tale: Jacqueline Moudeina. In it, Jacqueline recounts her experiences of the pursuit of the Chadian dictator and her relationship with the book's narrator Reed Brody. They were joined, she said by "the same all-consuming obsession: to convict Hissène Habré. To convict him in a fair and equitable way".
And so we go on a journey with Reed to watch how both the African Union and European courts fail over and over to arrest and bring the dictator to trial. Most of the book is a carefully frustrating account of being caught between a rock and a hard place. The corruption and posturing of Senegal and Chad versus the achingly tentative, ineffective contributions of the UN and Europeans. So much of the trial too was swaying the public opinion and the egos of politicians. It's perhaps naieve to think otherwise but the literal decades of pandering and massaging that the team had to do is staggering.
My other big takeaway from the book was the character of Brody himself. From Jacqueline's introduction to Reed's own commentary one gets the impression he was not one for a group project: ever the leader, the one responsible. He dedicated his prime to bringing down Habré, to the extent that he brought his wife and young child into danger, ultimately dissolving his marriage. The perseverence it took to bring Habré to justice I believe required nothing less but it's hard not to judge the man for having a child at all. But this was perhaps more common 20 years ago: that women and children were the accessory to an all-consumed career-man. I know I'm being a bit judgemental here, but one can't help but feel that if Jacqueline had divorced her husband and barely seen her child it would have been used to discredit her in court.
I have no idea how Brody did it for 16 years. It's hard not to feel a Sisyphean hopelessness, even after Habré is convicted, until the end of the book. As the account draws to a close we learn that their case set a new legal precedent for former heads of state to be tried. Maybe it will take 10 more instances with a Brody-type at the helm for this to become commonplace and for dictators to think twice. Meanwhile injustice prevails.
A sobering tale of resilience and a fascinating behind-the-scenes. More info about the case from Human Rights Watch here: https://www.hrw.org/tag/hissene-habre
There will always be people who, with good or less good reasons, resist innovative approaches to transitional justice that weigh and therefore privilege some outcomes over others in order to respond to the victims of mass atrocities. I see it in my country, Colombia, every day.
But they forget that the other path, that of seeking criminal justice, is just as complex, probably longer and not necessarily more satisfactory to victims' rights. This book by Reed Brody shows how tortuous and also epic this path is: it took 5 years for Hissène Habré, former Chadian dictator, to be indicted, then 10 years to bring him to trial and one more to convict him.
In the end, Habré - convicted for life for crimes against humanity - did not even look into the faces of the hundreds of victims who testified against him and never expressed remorse for his actions.
The first-person account of one of the lawyers who invested 20 years of his life to achieve this is harrowing.
Prosecuting presidents and other top-level politicians for being complicit in atrocities is unimaginable. However, it does not apply to the case of Hissene Habre, infamous ruler of Chad (1982-1990), who was found guilty of crimes against humanity, torture and war crimes, with a death toll mounting to 40000. It was accomplished through the audacious efforts led by non-state actors (relying on universal jurisdiction, responsibility of commanders) within unexpected turns of events. From this perspective the story is a reminder of existing discrepancies of international legal framework, pertinent to human rights protection in the fight against impunity. Moreover, it elucidates playbook, utilized by the defendants to compromise the judicial process: lawfare, public opinion, historical narratives etc. Bitterly, justice being a matter of decades is not fully consonant with legitimate expectations of victims, with regard to restitution and redress.
I am grateful to NetGalley for providing an advance copy of this book in exchange for my honest review.
This book describes the efforts to bring Chad's former dictator, Hissène Habré, to justice for brutal crimes against his own people in the 1980s. Ousted from Chad following a coup in 1990, Habré took up residence in Senegal, where he lived comfortably for many years with political protection and seemingly safe from international calls to bring him to justice.
The book is written from the perspective of the American lawyer who, to a large extent, built the case against Habre. While not the leader of the legal team formed to bring Habré to justice, the author is one of the individual key in the process that took over his life, for many years. His is perhaps a coordination role, involving many nationalities, groups and individuals. Victims, supporters, families, legal professionals and politicians to mention some of those involved. The book highlights the difficulties of bringing a foreign leader to justice in another country's courts, especially when the country's government has links to the dictator or is corrupt. The book covers the efforts of the international team, the obstacles they faced, and the years of delays before Habré was finally brought to trial.
The trial took place in Senegal, and was characterised by a stop-and-start nature, with delays, setbacks, and confusion on both sides. Both the defence and prosecution experienced difficulties in presenting their cases. Witness testimony was a significant aspect of the trial, with details, verification, substance, and presentation being key factors in assessing the veracity of the charges against Habré. While the majority of the witness testimony was compelling, unsurprisingly there were some inconsistencies and issues with credibility, given the many years delay in bringing Habré to trial. The nuances of the trial are well presented by the author, included the demeanour of judges, lawyers, and supporters of both sides, as well as the laws in effect for the trial and the defence strategy. Overall, the trial was a complex and challenging process, with numerous obstacles and uncertainties that required careful consideration and attention from all involved.
The judgment eventually awarded millions to the victims, victim groups, and surviving relatives, but compensation and reparations have yet to be provided. The lack of closure for the victims and their supporters is a stark reminder of the ongoing struggle for justice and accountability in cases of human rights abuses. It is understandable to question whether the resources devoted to bringing Habré to justice could have been better utilised directly helping his victims and their families.
It is important to consider the potential bias of the author, as the book is written from the perspective of a lawyer with a particular agenda. A person who describes some recent American Presidents as “War Criminals” and the members of the British House of Lords as “old white men educated at Oxford or Cambridge”. The author does not hide his biases and indeed seems proud of his views. Despite this, the book presents a compelling case and highlights the challenges and complexities of seeking justice for crimes committed by a brutal dictator. The delayed justice and lack of compensation for victims may indeed be seen as a diminished form of justice, and it is uncertain whether it will serve as a deterrence to other dictators in the future.
I think anyone with an interest in Africa, International Law and Human Rights will find this a fascinating. A detailed, well researched and documented human, moral and legal saga. I wish the author and publishers all the very best with this important book; It deserves a wide readership.
Hisse ne Habre was known as the butcher of Chad. He ran the country like a dictator or a king even to heaven dungeons where they practice medieval torture. He was guilty of rape, murder, burning down whole villages and all for his own nasty greed. The best part is he thought he would get away with it! Thankfully read Brody and many others decided he wasn’t going to. Although he gave every effort to get away with it Mr. Brody has the kind of tenacity and ethical backbone that gave him what he needed to make sure he did not! This book is much more than the summary I gave above yes it is a brief outline but in no way touches the whole story. Read Brody tells it all and still comes out looking humble I have a Lotta respect for Mr. Brody and his desire to read the world of those who hurt others. I was given this book by Ned Galley and I am leaving this review voluntarily please forgive any errors as I am blind and dictate my review but all opinions are definitely my own.
Una impresionante travesía sobre el juicio de Hissène Habré desde el momento en el que un equipo decidió perseguirlo hasta que fue condenado. El libro te narra lo difícil que fue enjuiciar a un exdirigente por crímenes de lesa humanidad y las muchas batallas mediáticas, políticas y legales que tuvieron que dar para que sucediera. La historia es asombrosa y deja un sentido de esperanza para quienes se familiarizan con regímenes que violan derechos humanos. La única razón por la cual no doy cinco estrellas es porque, a pesar de que el autor siempre dice que las víctimas deben estar en el centro de todo, él nunca les da una voz directa y asume por su cuenta la responsabilidad como narrador. Esto choca además porque, al ser un libro de un dictador africano siendo juzgado en África con una enorme participación africana, me gustaría escuchar otras voces no estadounidenses.
Reed Brody’s To Catch a Dictator is a well-written, informative, and deeply engaging account of the effort to bring former Chadian dictator Hissène Habré to justice. Brody offers a behind-the-scenes look at the decades-long fight led by survivors and activists to hold a brutal regime accountable. it's a legal thriller, but also a moving testament to the power of persistence and advocacy. Brody makes complex international legal processes accessible without oversimplifying. It’s an inspiring and thought-provoking read for anyone interested in human rights, international law, or the global pursuit of accountability.
I was blown away by Reed Brody’s account of his effort to bring a murderous dictator to trial in Africa. Having known Reed for decades, I was often simultaneously cheering him on and fearing for his life while I read about what he was doing in the years I hadn’t seen him. The audience at the launch event for To Catch a Dictator: The Pursuit and Trial of Hissene Habre was a who’s who of human rights activists, a testament to the respect he has earned with a life dedicated to working for justice.
A very good book I would strongly recommend reading, especially to law students. The author, world leading human rights lawyer Reed Brody, describes the case against Chad dictator Hissene Habre, which took him “18 years and 11 courts and commissions”. This is a book not only about evolving legal concepts of international and human rights law, but also, and more importantly, about good and evil, integrity, interpersonal relations, creativity in legal strategies, and determination.