At the start of Chapter 7 – Marathon: Democracy Saved, Kershaw quotes John Stuart Mill: “The Battle of Marathon, even as an event in English history, is more important than the Battle of Hastings. If the issues that day had been different, the Britons and Saxons might still have been wandering in the woods.” The book is an exposition of Mills’ premise, expanded to include the inseparably related battles of Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea. It is brilliant.
Kershaw immerses the reader in the ancient world of Greece and Persia. He narrates the origins of the Persian Empire, the Athenian democratic city/state, and the geneses of the distinctively unique, practically alien, culture of the Spartan demos. Sparta was weird... and you have to read this to appreciate the extent of it. Kershaw lays out the origins of the Persian Empire from Cyrus the Great, through Darius (Marathon and Thermopylae) and Xerxes, son of Darius, who prompted Salamis and Plataea to avenge Persian humiliation at Marathon. He explains the workings of the Athenian system of democracy, and the Persian imperial rule as well as the Spartan oligarchy. He puts the reader in the culture and the society, writing in a relaxed, readable and engaging manner from foundational sources including surviving documents, archeological finds, relics, and other sources. He is scrupulous in presenting conflicting accounts and details, discussing the discrepancies and offering reasoned judgments of the best interpretations.
Kershaw explains battle tactics and strategies, weaponry, land warfare, army organization, trireme construction (crews, handling, naval protocols and tactics) – Persian and Greek. The reader is presented with personal accounts, insights and perspectives of the leaders and key players on both sides. His accounts of the battles themselves read like the best writing of the most experienced and competent war correspondents of our modern day. It is gripping history.
The contrasts between the Imperial dictatorship and its absolute power (Xerxes simply beheads the engineers of his first bridge across the Hellespont when it fails – lesson learned, as Kershaw comments) versus the convoluted web of fluctuating Greek rivalries, sensitivities, betrayals, shifting political loyalties and incentives, intrusions of ego and personalities, petty disagreements and frequently uncertain levels of commitment to the cause. It is striking, and the reader will often marvel that the Greeks were able to come together and fight as effectively as they did, when they did, to the very great fortune of the Western world as it ultimately evolved. Kershaw’s main point, that these battles were critical to the birth of Western thought and democratic forms of government, to human freedom and the success of classical liberal thought and principles is well made, and well argued. We today owe those early Greeks a huge debt.
On the negative side, the profuse use of Greek names (unavoidable) and then-existent ancient Greek place names is often confusing, even though Kershaw offers proximate modern locations when and where he can. It is difficult to locate actions and events geographically in the reader’s mind, almost impossible. Kershaw offers maps at the very beginning of the text, but they are very basic and it is annoying to have to constantly page back to the maps and then try to find a location on them. It would have been better to have more detailed, more specific maps spread throughout the text in appropriate locations. Perhaps a pronunciation guide to ancient Greek (and Persian) would be helpful, too. Regardless, this is a minor nit that I am picking – the book is superb history, brilliantly narrated - compelling and important. It is comprehensive, insightful and engaging – hard to put down. I love this book!