This is certainly not the first book you should read to understand the Roman army. For foundational insights into equipment, organization, tactics, training, and battle experience, there are stronger options, such as works by Adrian Goldsworthy, Peter Connolly, or M.C. Bishop. However, Gladius by Guy de la Bédoyère is an extremely valuable resource for understanding the lives of Roman soldiers beyond the battlefield.
De la Bédoyère sheds light on how soldiers lived, who they married, how inheritances and family structures functioned across different periods, and even how they acquired their equipment. He explores the processes behind obtaining leave, how long such licenses lasted, and why soldiers were essential to every facet of Roman society. The famous dictum by Septimius Severus — “Pay the army first and foremost” — takes on new meaning in this context, not only for personal safety (which is obviously the main reason) but also for practical expediency: This book allows us to see Roman soldiers not just as trained combatants but as versatile civil servants: police officers, builders, tax collectors, bodyguards, engineers, aides, and representatives.
In this detailed exploration, De la Bédoyère draws on over three decades of scholarship, utilizing a wide array of historical sources to offer a nuanced account of Roman military life. He examines the personal and professional aspects of a soldier's experience, covering recruitment, training, combat, and interactions with civilians. The narrative also addresses the pivotal role soldiers played in expanding and maintaining the Roman Empire, offering insights into their contributions to military successes and the challenges they faced.
De la Bédoyère's engaging writing style and meticulous research make Gladius accessible to both scholars and general readers. The thematic structure helps readers grasp the complexities of military life and the societal systems that supported it. The book is enriched with maps, fortress plans, photographs, extensive notes, a glossary of terms, and helpful appendices.
Table of Contents Overview:
1. Introduction — The Army of the Emperors
2. Strength and Honour — Signing On in Caesar’s Army
3. Gloria Exercitus — Making Soldiers
4. Gold and Silver — Pay, Handouts, and Bequests
5. A Soldier’s Life — Garrisoning the Empire
6. Living Off the Land — The Roman Army and the Environment
7. Ignominy and Defeat — The Roman Army’s Darkest Days
8. I Came, I Saw, I Conquered — The Roman War Machine Victorious
9. Living by the Sword — Violence and Atrocities
10. Quinqueremes and Triremes — The Roman Army at Sea
11. Mutineers and Rebels — King-Makers for Sale
12. Peacetime Duties — Jacks-of-All-Trades
13. Leisure and Leave — Hunting Wild Boar and Other Diversions
14. Wives and Lovers — Family Life on the Frontier
15. Veterans — The Emperor’s Die-Hards
16. Jupiter’s Men — Religion and Superstition
17. Epilogue
Appendices:
• Rome’s Principal Wars
• Emperors from Augustus to Valentinian I and Valens
• Tacitus and Dio on the Size of the Army
• Roman Names
• Glossary of Terms
Additional Sections:
• Maps and Plans
• Foreword
• Notes
• Abbreviations and Bibliography
• List of Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Index
Gladius is an excellent resource for learning how Roman soldiers lived across different periods of the Republic and Empire. While the vast chronological and geographical scope inevitably leads to some limitations — procedures in Britain may not mirror those in Syria — this book remains a significant contribution from a respected historian. De la Bédoyère successfully humanizes the Roman soldier, offering a holistic understanding of their indispensable role in Roman society.