Oxford's Very Short Introduction series briefly examines a given subject. In this introduction to art history, art historian Dana Arnold provides a helpful overview. The book's strongest points include the birth of art history and art criticism as distinct disciplines and a discussion of art and different schools of thought.
The inception of art history can be traced to the publication of Roman historian Pliny's Natural History. It is a multi-volume work that survived intact from antiquity. Although not exclusively concerned with art history, scholars have used Pliny's work to help identify classical art. During the Renaissance, the study of Pliny's work "helped to ensure the continuance of the classical tradition, as artistic status was enhanced by knowledge of the art of ancient Greece and Rome."
The foundational text of art history is Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists (1550). Vasari's work focused on the artists of the Italian Renaissance. His chronicle established the timespan designations, such as the Early and High Renaissance. Vasari's chronicle was primarily descriptive, not an analytical study of Renaissance art.
In Lives of the Artist, Vasari used the following criteria for discussing art: Disegno or "the art of good draughtsmanship or design," Natura -- "art as an imitation of nature," Grazia or the quality of grace in artwork, Decoro or "artistic decorum or appropriateness," and finally, Maniera, referring "either to an artist's personal style or to that of a specific school of artists."
By the eighteenth century, art history had evolved to focus less on the artists and more on art, especially its aesthetic qualities and cultural context. German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann saw the art of ancient Greece as the "pinnacle of artistic achievement in terms of the representation of beauty and perfection." In Winckelmann's Imitation of the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks (1755), he wrote that there "is but one way for the moderns to become great, and perhaps unequaled,...by imitating the ancients."
Ernst Gombrich is perhaps the most prominent twentieth-century art historian. Gombrich's The Story of Art (1950) remains a standard work. Winckelmann's study "had to rely on prints and engravings." Due to twentieth-century advances in photography, Gombrich studied art in its original place.
In the decades following World War II, Clement Greenberg was one of the most prominent art critics. One of Greenberg's best-known essays is the 1939 "Avant-Garde and Kitsch." By avant-garde, the artist, musician, filmmaker, or writer would remain isolated within his craft, pursuing an artistic "absolute" and producing art that only the initiated could understand. Kitsch was essentially any art that deviated from avant-garde standards. Arnold charges Greenberg with establishing a "privileged domain of high art" that excluded "the work of women artists, minority groups, and elements of popular culture." However, since Greenberg dubbed The New Yorker "high-class kitsch" and John Steinbeck as a case of "borderline" kitsch, he showed himself to be an equal opportunity excluder.
In one of the book's best chapters, Arnold summarizes various thinkers' impact on how art is perceived or produced. Kant's Critique of Judgment (1790) argued that in judging art, "there could be a range of aesthetic taste," and within a specific taste, the judgment of an artwork should be "made in terms of its beauty and purpose." This meant that Kant rejected Winckelmann's notion that only modern art imitating ancient Greece could be considered great. It also meant that Kant rejected Greenberg's dichotomy of avant-garde and kitsch. Kant's philosophy of judging art helps make sense of professional criticism of popular culture. A film critic with an artistic pedigree can legitimately praise an action or comic book film if it is executed well and judged according to its genre.
As Arnold describes the interplay of art history and philosophy, it's clear that Hegel has been the most influential philosopher on how art is perceived. In contrast to Kant, Hegel interpreted history (and art's place in it) in the broadest sense. For Hegel, history was the interplay between "the spirit of the nation, or Volksgeist," and "the spirit of the age, or Zeitgeist." Gombrich applied Hegel's concept of the Zeitgeist to portray art as reacting within the context of its time to speak for its time. This is a helpful framework for understanding art in its historical context. However, it also makes asserting anything about an artist or artwork elusive.
Much more could be said about this helpful introduction to art history. It provides convenient summaries that make art history accessible to the non-specialist. Some of what's presented would be challenging to pull together for general readers.