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Esquerda & Direita: Perspectivas para a Liberdade

Originally appeared in Left and Right, Spring 1965, pp. 4-22. The reprint of this article is occasioned by the startlingly uncritical attitude American conservatives have shown toward the consolidation of state power that has been unleashed since the atrocities of September 11.

It is Murray Rothbard's manifesto on traditional American political alliances, and how they wiill not defend fundamental human rights and liberties. It so inspiration and so filled with insight that it will cause you to think about politiccs in a completely different way.

84 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1965

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About the author

Murray N. Rothbard

263 books1,161 followers
Murray Newton Rothbard was an influential American historian, natural law theorist and economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern libertarianism. Rothbard took the Austrian School's emphasis on spontaneous order and condemnation of central planning to an individualist anarchist conclusion, which he termed "anarcho-capitalism".

In the 1970s, he assisted Charles Koch and Ed Crane to found the Cato Institute as libertarian think tank.

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5 stars
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3 stars
62 (23%)
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16 (6%)
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Displaying 1 - 25 of 25 reviews
Profile Image for Pedro Almeida Jorge.
Author 4 books70 followers
July 17, 2017
Nice little essay by Rothbard.

He seems to trace libertarian origins back to the historical left, which overthrew the Old World Order after more than 18 centuries of rigid social systems all over the world.

Most importantly, this exercise is made in opposition to the supposed affinity between libertarians and the conservative right, which took shape as a coalition against Roosevelt's New Deal. He even seems to defend Lenin as an almost well intentioned revolutionary leader which would gradually have submitted his Russia to the free market (once State Capitalism had been finally finished).

In Rothbard's view, the Right has always been the side of big business and cronyism and of a reaction against social change. It's the party of state rule and state benefits, whereas the Left means revolution, freedom and the hope for a better future for the common man. However, it (the Left) tends to contradict itself, as it tries to achieve its ends with policies and measures that will never work and that in the end will lead to oppression. That's where libertarians must enter the scene and show the people the right way.

In Rothbard's view, at least by the time this essay was written, the libertarian should stand optimistic side by side with the uncompromising left, adopting a principled approach to politics and social life, instead of standing beside the right wing conservatives, who were his true enemies since the beginning of time. This, Rothbard contends, had been the libertarians' cardinal sin up to that date, as it infused pessimism in their vision of the future.

For all the above, this essay should be the best introduction to the libertarian movement and its political ground that a leftwing revolutionary can hope for.

However, looking at the world today, I'm not sure this makes all that sense to me...

Still, what a nice reading. It surprised me.
Profile Image for Gustavo Millen.
14 reviews
January 13, 2022
"O whig governava por meio do compromisso. O liberal inaugura o primado das ideias... Um é utilitário, gradativo, pronto para o acordo. O outro empenha-se em pôr em prática, filosoficamente, um principio. Um é um programa de ação visando a uma filosofia. O outro é uma filosofia à procura de um plano de ação"

"Os libertários de hoje estão habituados a pensar no socialismo como diametralmente oposto ao credo libertário. Mas este é um grave equívoco, responsável por séria desorientação ideológica dos libertários no mundo atual. Como vimos, o conservantismo era o oposto absoluto da liberdade, e o socialismo, embora à “esquerda” do conservantismo, era essencialmente um movimento confuso, de cunho intermediário. Era de cunho intermediário, e ainda o é, por tentar alcançar fins liberais pelo uso de meios conservadores."

"À semelhança do liberalismo, e em oposição ao conservantismo, o socialismo aceitou o sistema industrial e as metas liberais de liberdade, razão, mobilidade, progresso, padrões de vida mais elevados para o povo, e um basta à tecnocracia e à guerra; mas tentou chegar a esses fins utilizando meios conservadores, incompatíveis com eles: estatismo, planejamento centralizado, comunitarismo etc."

"AQUILO que os marxistas chamariam de “condições objetivas” para o triunfo da liberdade existe, portanto, por toda parte no mundo, e mais do que em qualquer época passada; pois, em toda parte, o povo optou por padrões de vida mais elevados e pela promessa da liberdade, e em toda parte os vários regimes de estatismo e coletivismo não têm como alcançar essas metas"

"Nossa gente idosa é sempre otimista em suas opiniões sobre o futuro; a juventude é pessimista em relação ao presente e gloriosamente esperançosa quanto ao futuro. E é essa esperança que é a alavanca do progresso – a única alavanca do progresso, pode-se dizer..."
Profile Image for Felipe Costa.
165 reviews5 followers
May 7, 2017
Murray Rothbard está enganado e engana, mas fala algumas verdades.

As enganações: Rothbard caracteriza o movimento conservador como um movimento saudosista, reacionário, mas é justamente contra esse rótulo que muitos conservadores lutam hoje em dia.

Não, conservadores não tem saudade de nenhum Ancien Regime e nem querem colocar grilhões na sociedade. A ideia que a sociedade está em constante progresso racionalizado e violento é simplesmente absurda. Rothbard bebeu até embriagar-se da ideias marxistas, ele mesmo admite isso ao longo do livro.

Para finalizar a zona de enganações, Rothbard joga na cara dos leitores que o fascismo na verdade era um movimento conservador. Consegue imaginar maior absurdo? Justamente o ideal político que militariza TODA a sociedade e a obriga a servir e participar do Estado impedindo qualquer florescimento da verdadeira sociedade é conservador. Vá tomar banho, Murray Rothbard.

Por fim, o campo das verdades: sim, Rothbard está correto ao apontar que temos as condições objetivas para o nascimento de um movimento contra o estatismo social e econômico, nos falta apenas as condições subjetivas. Ou seja, pessoas que possam escrever e discutir sobre esse novo movimento cultural e pessoas dispostas a lutar pelo seu foralecimento.

Confesso, querido Murray Rothbard, que, como bom conservador que sou, você me deixou mais pessimista ao acabar de ler Esquerda e Direita. É simplesmente impossível que algo de bom possa sair de um movimento criado com base em suas ideias e é justamente isso que floresce no Brasil.
Profile Image for David.
34 reviews
November 26, 2010
Rothbard presents a clear explanation of the similarities and the differences between the two traditional political parties. If you ever wondered about the philosophical and historical differences between the "Left" and the "Right" you will find the answers here. The book is short and to the point. The ebook format is only 72 pages.

I found his perspective of relating a person's tendency toward short-term and long-term optimism or pessimism as an interesting indicator of their political leanings. Are you a short-term pessimist and a long-term optimist? Or are you a short term optimist and a long-term pessimist? You'll have to read the book to understand whether that makes you a liberal or a conservative.

Rothbard is a historian and the book includes well documented historical references to back up his points. He provides detailed historical perspectives and explanations for the ways the parties have changed through history and the ways in which the word (like liberalism) have changed over time.

Anyone who has read Rothbard knows he is neither Liberal nor Conservative, giving him unique qualifications to evaluate these two political perspectives without the usual baggage carried by those on either side.

Profile Image for Benjamin Juhlin.
9 reviews8 followers
July 9, 2015
It is an interesting book regarding libertarianism as a non-right ideology. Rothbard later on in his life changed his opinion on this question, just as Albert J. Nock did and is scorned for in this book, to seeking alliances with conservatives rather than with leftists.

The point about pessimism being a core part of conservatism, which explains why the conservative is so focused on the short run, on next election etc, and that they deserve to be pessimistic is interesting. Rothbard points out that the libertarian must sense a long-run optimism.
Profile Image for Jairo Fraga.
345 reviews35 followers
September 28, 2018
Rothbard coloca a velha ordem como o maior inimigo da liberdade. Detecta que os conservadores liberais, aos poucos foram aceitando o status quo, ao abandonar a tradição dos direitos naturais, achando que um gradualismo poderia funcionar, sendo que as castas dominantes nunca aceitaram de bom grado abandonar seus postos.

Faz uma breve análise de Marx, que tem pontos inspirados nos radicais do laissez-faire francês, interpondo o conflito de classes entre classe produtiva e aqueles que ocupam o aparato estatal burocrático explorador dos franceses e os operários x empresários de Marx. Salienta que Marx e Bakunin ao querer ao mesmo tempo abolição do estado repressor, rejeitar a propriedade privada e o capital, entram em enormes contradições.

Dito isso, Rothbard menciona que o socialismo de direita aliado ao conservantismo gerou o fascismo e nacional-socialismo. Continua comparando diversos momentos históricos de esquerda e direita, tentando mostrar que diversas medidas coletivistas no próprio Estados Unidos foram sancionadas por direitistas que de acordo com a opinião pública não eram nem de longe socialistas.

Critica o fascista New Deal de capitalismo de estado e o fato das grandes empresas rotineiramente no século XX entrarem cada vez mais em "parceria" com o governo americano para cartelizar o setor, lembrando que os monopólios só existem por conta do estado.

Rothbard finaliza com seu otimismo habitual em relação às perspectivas da liberdade em relação à derrocada da velha ordem. Acerta nas suas previsões de que os países socialistas estão fadados à se dessocializarem, por conta especialmente da impossibilidade do cálculo econômico em uma economia planificada (algo que de fato nunca ocorreu, já que a população simplesmente morreria de fome).

3 estrelas por conta do ensaio, embora pequeno, não me parece focar muito na causa principal do livro e acaba gastando um pouco de tempo em assuntos paralelos.
Profile Image for Josh Hanson.
20 reviews17 followers
May 15, 2010
If you still think that libertarianism is just a faction of the conservative movement, you need to read this book.
Profile Image for Juan Garcês.
2 reviews
June 30, 2024
The most disorganized book I've ever read on the definition of the Right vs. Left dichotomy. The author defends theories that are historically considered wrong, such as the notion that the growth of mercantilism and absolutist monarchy was a reaffirmation of feudalism, and not one of the main factors for the growth of modern capitalism. In addition, Rothbard sticks to the historical and political context of the United States - especially the New Deal - to defend his definition. Perhaps I could sum up the author's aim with this essay in one sentence: neither right nor left. Libertarian.

And no, it's not the libertarianism of anarchism, but a libertarianism along the lines of the right, even though the author denies it.

Perhaps a point worth noting: some readers who like his ideas have created misinterpretations about him. For example, the author considers fascism and Nazism to be right-wing movements. The author also considers that the concepts of right and left are complex and cannot be reduced. In other words, you can't accuse everyone that you don't like this or that.

I only recommend reading it if you're interested in getting to know the thinking of right-wing libertarians, since it's not very relevant historically.
Profile Image for Nickolas Wingholt.
128 reviews1 follower
June 11, 2024
Excellent essay that traces the history of ideas to argue for a clearer understanding of how American politics shifted during New Deal liberalism, and encourages liberty-minded thinkers to abandon the long-run pessimism they are known for with a historically informed vigor that educates and inspires. As a secularist, Rothbard is not without error in his worldview. He yearns for peace and progress, and rightly identifies the inherent problems with Statism as moral rather than merely pragmatic. But to recognize a moral issue without a moral standard is not only futile, but inconsistent. Politics is a battleground of gods, and even the secular progressive's motives are determined by what he worships. Nevertheless, the thrust of this booklet was pretty rousing, and I would recommend to anyone, libertarian or not, who feels like our country is simply too far lost in the throes of bipartisan bickering and identity politics. The future is bright. 1st time read. 4/5.
Profile Image for Ian Mihura.
56 reviews
August 22, 2024
A classic but still, sadly, revolutionary idea: that liberalism is not conservative nor right-winged.

I'd suggest everyone to read this essay, but depending where you come from, it may sound very familiar already. If however the thesis presented above does not, then by all means this is for you.

There is a chunk in the middle that spends too much time in North American history of XX c. I understand the need to trace these ideas through history; I just wish someone had done this with a piece of history I was more familiar with!

One last comment on content: as I find myself wandering away from hardcore libertarianism, iterating between conservative and liberal thought, I find Rothbard all the more antiquated and less appealing. I suspect this is not unique to me.
Profile Image for Pam ☕️.
66 reviews3 followers
July 22, 2026
Rothbard's essay prompts a shift in perspective regarding the placement of classical liberalism in the political spectrum—that of a Leftist movement, not the Right. I agree that conservatism is inherently reactionary and, by its nature, seeks to fortify the old order. Classical liberalism's subsequent degradation, and its proponents allying themselves with conservatism, has nonetheless harmed its standing with the public. The essay brims with idealism, but what political thinkpiece doesn't sway into idealistic territory? Few and far between.
Profile Image for Ricardo Abreu.
200 reviews1 follower
March 3, 2026
Adorei a maneira como Murray Rothbard nos mostra de que através da história, nem sempre foi muito claro como separar essas duas pontas do espectro político. Devido ao fato de termos temas que são e foram caros a ambos os lados, isso ocasionou uma amálgama de ideias que por vezes não podem ser separadas de forma tão simples. Recomendo.
Profile Image for Eliézer Salazar.
86 reviews4 followers
December 11, 2018
What we have had in America for quite some time now is American Fascism, not true capitalism. Read this short book to find out the historical, logical, and socioeconomic reasons why. Very good, short read.
Profile Image for Larissa Tabosa.
798 reviews1 follower
December 26, 2024
Triste perceber que não tenho a capacidade de ler um livor desses...
Li, reli e entendi quase nada.
É isto, só sei ler livros rasos e romances bobos. Preciso aceitar isso. Um dia, talvez, tente de novo.
8 reviews9 followers
May 6, 2021
This book did a nice job of explaining how libertarian fits into the historical picture and what and how it differs from the left, and the right.
Profile Image for Susan.
665 reviews22 followers
June 5, 2021
Rothbard as a social scientist is a miss. He should stick to economics.
Profile Image for Waldir F. Reccanello.
289 reviews2 followers
July 12, 2023
Magistralmente como sempre, Rothbard nos mostra que, mais que os rótulos "esquerda" ou "direita", o importante é a defesa da liberdade e a manutenção do otimismo quanto ao futuro.
11.5k reviews43 followers
October 19, 2023
A 1965 ESSAY DISTINGUISHING LIBERTARIANISM FROM CONSERVATISM, ETC.

Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., wrote in the Foreword to this 1979 reprint, “Libertarians… may not remember that [Murray Rothbard] was also one of the pioneers in developing libertarian thought. As founder and chief editor of the journal ‘Left and Right,’ he was instrumental in detaching the libertarian movement from its popular and academic association with right-wing opinion. To their shame, American intellectuals… tried to obliterate the historic identification of liberalism with opposition to government encroachment on individual freedom and liberty. Still more, they forgot the antistatism and antimilitarism that had always been a part of historic liberalism. Thus many traditional liberal values were surrendered to conservatives… All this Rothbard and his colleagues pointed out in their trenchant articles… beginning with Rothbard’s own lead piece in the first issue in the spring of 1965.”

Rothbard wrote in this 1965 essay (originally published in the Spring 1965 issue of ‘Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought’), “The conservative has long been marked, whether he knows it or not, by long-run pessimism, by the belief that the long-run trend… is against him. Hence, the inevitable trend runs toward left-wing statism at home and communism abroad… the conservative feels that his only hope of success rests in the current moment… for he feels that the longer he waits, the worse things will ineluctably become; at home, it leads him to total concentration on the very next election... the conservative refuses to think or plan beyond the election of the day…But this paper contends that while the short-run prospects for liberty at home and abroad may seem dim, the proper attitude for the libertarian to take is one of unquenchable long-run optimism.” (Pg. 1)

He states, “conservatism was the polar opposite of liberty, and socialism, while to the ‘left’ of conservatism, was essentially a confused, middle-of-the-road movement. It was, and still is, middle of the road because it tries to achieve liberal ENDS by the use of conservative MEANS.” (Pg. 6)

He asserts, “After a bit of leftist wavering late in the thirties, the Roosevelt administration recemented its alliance with big business in the national-defense and war-contract economy that began in 1940. This was an economy and a policy that have been ruling America ever since, embodied in the permanent war economy, the full-fledged State monopoly capitalism, and neo-mercantilism---the military-industrial complex of the present era. The essential features of American society have not changed since it was thoroughly militarized and politicized in World War II---except that the trends intensify…” (Pg. 18)

He notes, “Despite the reactionary swings backward to statism, the modern world stands towering above the world of the past. When we consider also that, in one form or another, the Old Order of despotism, feudalism, theocracy, and militarism dominated every human civilization until the West of the eighteenth century, optimism over what man has achieved and can achieve must mount still higher.” (Pg. 21)

He argues, ‘What the Marxists would call the ‘objective conditions’ for the triumph of liberty exist, then, everywhere in the world and more so than in any past age; for everywhere the masses have opted for higher living standards and the promise of freedom, and everywhere the various regimes of statism and collectivism cannot fulfill these goals. What is needed, then, is simple the ‘subjective conditions’ for victory, that is, a growing body of informed libertarians who will spread the message to the peoples of the world that liberty and the purely free market provide the way out of their problems and crises. Liberty cannot be fully achieved unless libertarians exist in number to guide the peoples to the proper path.” (Pg. 25)

He concludes, “For the libertarian, the main task of the present epoch is to cast off his needless and debilitating pessimism, to set his sights on long-run victory, and to set out on the road to its attainment. To do this, he must, perhaps first of all, drastically realign his mistaken view of the ideological spectrum; he must discover who his friends and natural allies are, and above all perhaps, who his enemies are. Armed with this knowledge, let him proceed in the spirit of radical long-run optimism that one of the great figures in the history of libertarian thought, Randolph Bourne, correctly identified as the spirit of youth. “ (Pg. 26)

This essay will be of interest to many Libertarians.
Profile Image for Victor Bianconi.
3 reviews
July 9, 2020
Rothbard é um ideólogo e, acima de tudo, um analfabeto histórico, político e funcional. Seus asseclas libertários consideram-no irrefutável. Deixarei aqui uns trechos que qualquer mente sã, espero eu, conseguirá perceber os mais evidentes sofismas e falácias - típicos do anarco-capitalismo e do libertarianismo -, tão absurdos e ultrajantes, talvez até mais, quanto o comunismo e socialismo.

“Ainda mais importante foi a série de revoluções cataclísmicas que varreram a velha ordem e as antigas classes dominantes: as revoluções inglesas do século XVII, a revolução americana, a revolução francesa e todas as outras que foram necessárias para a inauguração da revolução industrial e pelas vitórias, ao menos parciais, da liberdade individual, para a separação laissez-faire de Igreja e Estado (sic) e para a paz internacional (sic).”

“Os libertários estão acostumados a pensar no socialismo como o polo oposta de sua doutrina. Mas este é um erro grave, responsável por uma séria desorientação ideológica para libertários no mundo atual. Como vimos, o conservadorismo estava no pólo oposto ao da liberdade (!). E o socialismo, estando à esquerda do conservadorismo, era essencialmente um movimento confuso, em cima do muro (!). Estava, e continua, em cima do muro porque tenta atingir objetivos liberais por meios conservadores (?!). O socialismo, com o liberalismo e contra o conservadorismo, aceitava o sistema industrial (??) e os objetivos liberais de liberdade, razão, mobilidade, progresso, padrões de vida melhores para as massas e o fim da teocracia e da guerra; mas tentou atingi-los por meios conservadores incompatíveis com esses fins (sim, genocídio e estatismo são realmente características inatas ao conservadorismo): estatismo, planejamento centralizado, comunitarismo, etc. Ou então, para ser mais preciso, houve desde o início duas linhas diferentes dentro dele: um era a direita, a linha autoritária, de Saint-Simon (!!!) em diante, que glorificava o estatismo, a hierarquia e o coletivismo, e que era portanto uma projeção do conservadorismo tentando aceitar e dominar a nova civilização industrial. A outra era a esquerda, a linha relativamente libertária, representada de maneiras diferentes por Marx e Bakunin (!!!!), revolucionária e mais interessada em atingir os objetivos do liberalismo e do socialismo, principalmente o esmagamento do aparato estatal para alcançar o ‘definhamento do Estado’ e o ‘fim da exploração do homem pelo homem’.”

“A partir de então, socialistas e semi-socialistas se juntaram aos conservadores (sic) num amálgama simples, apoiando o Estado e a economia mista – isto é, o neo-mercantilismo, intervencionismo do welfare state, capitalismo monopolista de estado.”

Há trechos piores do que estes que poderiam ser mencionados. Mas creio ser o suficiente para ter uma noção do que é este livreto; ou melhor, panfleto raso e sujo, digno de alguém que não possui qualquer faculdade mental além de sua espúria masturbação mental condensada no seu projeto de genocídio cultural e humanitário, o anarco-capitalismo.
Profile Image for Dawersonn Varca.
52 reviews1 follower
March 28, 2021
Essay on the transformation of ideologies

In the essay, Murray describes the transformation of left and right thoughts, demystifying the idea of absolute antagonism between ideologies that actually share points and objectives: control of society by a group in power.

Throughout history, terms such as liberalism, libertarian and conservatism, change values and do not represent the same ideals of today.

Relevant point of the work, the author's perception of the antithesis between communism and fascism:

Communism is opposed to fascism in the sense that communism broke with the old ruling elites while fascism crystallized the old ruling class in power, establishing monopolies and privileges.

The conclusion proposed to the reader is that it does not matter whether by one or the other ideology, state interventionism is always nefarious and never aims at the good of the population, but the concession of the monopoly and privilege to a group.

State interventionism does not arise to end monopolies of large companies for the good of the population, but to create monopolies that as companies and small business associations have failed to establish amid free market competition.

The work prepared the reader for what seems obvious and that Bastiat had already taught us, in his works “The Law” and “What is seen and what is not seen”, but naively, society does not perceive: for every act of state intervention there is a surreptitious political intention that must be considered.

And this intention is never in favor of society, but of a group or caste.


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PORTUGUÊS

Ensaio sobre a transformação das ideologias

No ensaio, Murray descreve a transformação dos pensamentos de esquerda e direita, desmistificando a ideia de antagonismo absoluto entre as ideologias que em realidade compartilham pontos e objetivos : controle da sociedade por um grupo no poder.

Através da história, termos como liberalismo, libertário e conservadorismo, alternam valores e não representam os mesmo ideais dos dias atuais.

Ponto relevante da obra, a percepção do autor sobre a antítese entre comunismo e o fascismo :

O comunismo se opõe ao fascismo no sentido de que o comunismo rompeu com as antigas elites dominantes enquanto que o fascismo cristalizou a velha classe dominante no poder, firmando monopólios e privilégios.

A conclusão proposta ao leitor é que não importa se por uma ou outra ideologia, o intervencionismo estatal é sempre nefasto e nunca objetiva o bem da população, mas a concessão do monopólio e privilégio para um grupo.

O intervencionismo estatal não surge para acabar com monopólios de grandes empresas para o bem da população, mas para criar monopólios que as empresas e associações de pequenos negócios não tinham conseguido instituir em meio a competição do livre mercado.

A obra prepara o leitor para o que parece óbvio e que Bastiat já nos havia ensinado, em suas obras “A Lei” e “O que se vê e o que não se vê”, mas que por ingenuidade, a sociedade não percebe : para cada ato de intervenção estatal existe uma intenção política sub-reptícia que deve ser considerada.

E ela nunca é a favor da sociedade, mas a um grupo ou casta.
12 reviews4 followers
November 22, 2013
Apesar de refletir muito melhor a realidade americana sobre às perspectivas sobre esquerda e direita é um excelente livro.

Através do resgate da história, mostra como libertários acabaram cedendo ao conservantismo, por mais que muitas bandeiras sejam opostas. O cenário de pessimismo acaba desviando libertários para alguma destas correntes.

Um dos capítulos, trata a questão do esvaziamento ideológico da esquerda e correntes marxistas, como uma ideologia enfraquecida. Porém não aborda os movimentos crescentes, em especial na América Latina justamente dessa correntes marxistas-leninistas sob nova roupagem do socialismo do século XX.

Serve como um livro de reflexão aos libertários pessimistas e também otimistas.
Profile Image for Nick.
713 reviews199 followers
September 28, 2010
Shatters the myth that Classical Liberalism is aligned with Conservatism, and that Conservatism and Socialism are opposites. Also is very convincing in forwarding the position that Liberalism is truly radical.

It is bizarre and interesting that Rothbard is so sympathetic to Leninism. I'd have to read more Lenin to find out if that sympathy is justified, though my gut says that Rothbard goes a bit soft on him.

He also takes a stab at Hayek's "intellectuals and socialism" method for achieving Libertarianism.
Displaying 1 - 25 of 25 reviews