I listened to the audiobook because my daughter had downloaded it. Korea? What did I know about Korea? Not much. In that, the book reassures me, I am pretty normal. Korea was rather late to being a player on the world stage. During the years that Korea was called “the Hermit Kingdom” not many people on earth knew much about Korea.
Korea is a peninsula, said to be shaped like a rabbit. The terrain is mountainous, and the coasts are challenging for ships, factors that promoted sticking together rather than exploring. In legend, the earliest rulers of Korea were hatched out of eggs. The earliest inhabitants were poor, farming small farms in the valleys, and foraging in the forests. The people looked to China as a source of learning and culture, but resisted being absorbed by China politically.
In one of my favorite stories, the Koreans resisted the Mongols longer than most. The Mongols were great at riding horses, not so great at sailing boats. So the Koreans moved their capital to an island, and stood on the shore taunting the Mongols, while the Mongols stood on the opposite shore and fumed, not able to figure out how to get there. Eventually they did, and they burned and pillaged a lot in the process.
One of the other things I remembered from the early days is that in the Buddhist period, men and women socialized together freely, playing polo and card games. During the Confusion period, the Koreans decided to make their society more Confucian than Confucius himself, and sharply restricted the movements of women. Even within families, some houses had a women’s wing and a men’s wing. Men and women had separate hours when they could go about on the streets. A bell would sound announcing “shift change.” Women carried little daggers on their person so they could commit suicide if they got dishonored.
The modern era begins with the period of Japanese rule. I knew that there was a time when Japan controlled Korea. I hadn’t know that it had lasted so long (40 years), nor been so oppressive and so bitterly resented.
When Japan surrendered at the end of WWII, the Korean people expected to become independent. They were completely surprised when Russia and the US divided the country up between them. No Koreans were involved in the decision. The Koreans felt strongly that they were one people, and should be one country.
According to the book, both Russia and America were unprepared for running the Koreas, but the Americans were more unprepared. The Americans are initially depicted as bumblers, without even interpreters. The Russians initially did one thing that pleased the people. They gave the peasants land. The peasants were so thrilled to have small farms, even if they were very small farms, that they supported the Communist government, and supported attempts to go down and “liberate” their countrymen in the south. The south, on the whole, wasn’t interested in being liberated. (Later that land would be taken away from the people in the north, but by then it was too late. State control didn’t leave them with any choices.)
The division of Korea takes place about the middle of the book, and the rest addresses what happened to the two Koreas. What really goes on in North Korea? They are one of the most militarized countries in the world, one of the most isolated, and one of the poorest. 30% of the people serve in the military. And at least that many suffer from malnutrition. One interesting thing is that people are divided up by how loyal to the state they are thought to be. Tomatoes are red all the way through. Apples are only red on the outside. And grapes are not red at all. Perks and opportunities are allocated based on one’s loyalty status. But that loyalty status is considered to be hereditary, and is very hard to change.
And how did the south go from a nation of poor rice farmers to an industrial powerhouse? The path of the south wasn’t smooth. They endured years of government corruption, and terrible working conditions (with female textile workers locked in their rooms at night, held as virtual prisoners). But they achieved prosperity and democracy. They achieved high levels of education. They hosted the Olympics, which was a source of great pride. And then they became a pop music sensation.
What lies ahead? Hard to say, but unification, once every Korean’s dream, doesn’t look likely. It sounds great in theory, but no one can see a practical path to it.