A tremendous book both in size and the importance of its topic, but a little too long, occasionally unfocused, and lacking in argument to become an instant classic. This is a study of the battle over same sex marriage (SSM for this review) since Hawaii's courts first considered the issue in the 1990s. Before that, SSM really wasn't on the radar, even for the gay rights movement, which was more focused on anti-discrimination measures, basic dignity, and the AIDS crisis. Marriage just seemed too far off, almost fantastical, for a movement that had struggled so much and faced such visceral hatred from much of American society. So in a way, this is a story of triumph, but Issenberg avoids a straightforward triumphalism. What this book really drove home to me is the contingency of SSM's victory and the lukewarm-ness of AMericans toward the issue. As someone who passionately supports SSM and gay rights in general, I found it a little suspicious that the anti-gay rights movement just kind of disappeared. I think a lot of resentment at LGBT advances still exists and could one day be harnessed for political gain and culture wars.
This book takes you through the big events/cases of the SSM struggle, but it's really about organizing and strategy on both sides of the debate. You'll go into exhaustive but often fascinating state-level struggles, as well as debates within the movements themselves. Pro-SSM groups first debated whether marriage should even be a goal or not; a major strain of feminist thought viewed marriage as a cage rather than a dignifying institution, and that had a lot of sway within the movement in the 1980s and early 1990s. There was debate over when/where to launch lawsuits, as leaders didn't want poorly planned suits to create an adverse set of rulings but also didn't want to stymie local initiative. There was a huge debate both within the gay rights movements and the larger society about whether civil unions that granted gay people the legal status of marriage (or close to it) without the actual title; for a long time, civil unions were sort of the official compromise for Democrats who didn't want to get too far ahead of public opinion. These are all interesting debates, and Issenberg shows them at work in many places over time. Still, I though a little editing would have helped here, as a good chunk of the book feels like different sets of people having the same debate over and over again, just in different settings.
To his great credit, Issenberg also profiles the anti-SSM movement in great depth. He gives you a sense of the characters on both sides as people, largely refraining from judgementalism. He shows that while animus was the primary motive for many anti SSM folks, broader concerns about the weakening of families and marriages in general (a real crisis) motivated a hesitancy to "innovate" for many. Of course, they were never able to prove that gay marriage would somehow weaken the overall institution (in fact, SSM strengthens marriage in our society), but this underlying concern was valid, and it has the potential still to create cross-ideological alliances. His profile of the "Marriage Movement," a mix of liberals and conservatives who sought to cooperate to strengthen marriage in general but unfortunately split over SSM was particularly interesting. Still, in most of the anti-SSM groups, it was clear that animus, unfamiliarity, fear, and the "ick factor" were major reasons behind their activism, and we should not forget the absolute panic mongering, genuine homophobia, and use of children as political props that anti-SSM groups deployed, and deployed quite effectively, in the very recent past.
This is largely a success story, but Issenberg doesn't offer much of an overall thesis as to why/how this movement won. A few factors nonetheless emerge in the narrative. One was the steady "normalizing" of the gay rights movement. SSM groups encouraged people to come out and interact with straight people to show their "normality." They wanted, after all, to be part of a rather traditional institution, a marked difference from the gay rights movements of the 70s and 80s. Issenberg shows how SSM groups studied what appealed to larger audiences and found that stressing family/love/commitment worked better than the "rights talk" of the 2000s and 1990s. Of course, it's horrible that an oppressed group had to appeal to their own oppressors, but this is usually the way these things work historically. Another key factor seemed to have been cultural, as in the steady growth of TV shows and other cultural products that humanized LGBT people (Issenberg doesn't talk much about this). A third factor was the steady decrease in acceptance for outright homophobia in our public discourse. In the 1980s and 1990s, legislators were pretty clear about their fear and animus of gay people, and it showed in the laws they passed. Somehow this all became less acceptable (Issenberg doesn't offer an explanation of it) by the 2010s and is now fully unacceptable.
Lastly, and somewhat mysteriously, the anti-SSM movement just lost its steam over time. In the 1990s they succeeded massively at the national level with DOMA and DADT, and in the 2000s they won big in state politics with Prop 8 in California and gay marriage and in most states, including some pretty liberal ones. They promised that civilization itself would crash if gay marriage went forward and warned that your kids would be indoctrinated to be gay. And then, it all fell apart. Donations plummeted in the 2010s as, on the other side, national-level Democrats increasingly embraced the cause and grassroots momentum surged. Polls shifted gradually but steadily in favor of gay marriage. Cases started to go the other way, starting with Windsor and the defeat of Prop 8 and culminating in Obergefell.
While Issenberg tends to narrate rather than making historical arguments, I'm skeptical that this movement has really been defeated. He ends with a fascinating chapter called "Massive Desistance" (the opposite of massive resistance, the South's relentless campaign to block implementation of school desegregation in the 50s and 60) that profiles anti-SSM groups seemingly giving up and moving on to other culture war touchstones like the Masterpiece Cakeshop case. I left this book with a queasy feeling nonetheless about a cause I care greatly about. Generational trends are heading the right way on this issue, and it was obviously a boon that the otherwise horrendous DJT treated Obergefell as settled law and didn't grandstand on LGBT issues like he played on every other prejudice of mainstream America. Still, the national conservatism and revived right-wing he represents is an ideology of conformity, masculine anger, and resentment at cultural changes. Historically, movements like this have resented homosexuality and other "sexual minorities" in favor of traditional, performative masculinity and the restoration of hierarchies between men and women, straights and gays, etc. There's little stopping this terrifying new movement from turning on SSM and LGBT people in general (they kind of are already with trans people).
This is why Issenberg's book is so important; these debates and struggles never really go away, so we have to learn from the past how to counter these arguments, appeal to wide audiences that don't share all of our beliefs, and mobilize at local, state, and national levels to achieve change. The gay rights movement did all these things about as effectively as any movement in U.S. history. While I would have liked more structured argumentation about the causes of this success, Issenberg's book is a detailed, complex, and thorough chronicle of the road to victory and the parameters of this important debate.