Quite a fascinating book. Mainly about exploration and mapping the world. What I found especially interesting was the way that the history of mapping the world emulates the scientific process. Various assumptions are made and maps drawn and exploration takes place based on these assumptions. When they don't correspond with what the explorers find, then the maps are updated with new knowledge and the iterative process continues, In one case that I recall, and explorer sighted a large body of water, which he took to be the Pacific Ocean. But it was just a lake and it took many years to correct this piece of information. The other interesting thing was that the exploration phase comes to an abrupt halt....more or less with Shackelton....though the author speculates about future exploration of regions beyond the earth....and I guess, this is actually happening right now. I extracted a few snippets that made a particular impression as below:
Ferdinand Magellan explored the corridor of the Strait of Magellan, emerging into the Pacific for the first time in 1520.
The English Muscovy Company sent trading missions into Russia and Central Asia, scanning for a Northeast Passage to China; while the British East India Company sought the treasures of the Orient via more southern routes in competition with the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
Countless explorers were inspired to follow Cook’s example, and maps of continental coastlines grew ever more detailed
2250 BC-AD 150 BC • Exploration and Mapping of the Ancient World
Necho turned his attention to exploration farther south than previous Red Sea navigations. At some point between 610 BC and 594 BC he commissioned a force of expert Phoenician pilots to lead this unprecedented journey......The men sailed south along Africa’s east coast until finally turning westward, around South Africa, with the sun on their right. (Herodotus, without a concept of the Earth’s curvature, found this baffling.)
Another figure mentioned by Herodotus is Scylax of Caryanda, a Greek in the service of the Persians who explored the coasts of the Indian Ocean and rounded the Arabian Peninsula in 515
In 325 BC a geographer named Pytheas of the Greek colony and trade centre Massalia (Marseilles) made his own extraordinary voyage of discovery, documenting for the first time the coastline of Great Britain, northern Europe and lands beyond.
833 • Islamic Geographers and the Search for Knowledge
By 833 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, a Persian scholar of Baghdad’s House of Wisdom, made the first major reworking of Geography with his Book of the Description of the Earth.......Following this, Ibn Khordadbeh wrote the earliest surviving Arabic book of administrative geography, detailing the trade routes all the way to the Indies with maps and recording the land, people and culture
The polymath Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, who in 990 at the age of only seventeen accurately calculated the global latitude of his town..... travelled extensively...throughout India, providing meticulous geographical detail and writing on the various customs and creeds he encountered, for which he was given the title ‘al-Ustadh’ (The Master).
986-1010 • The Vikings Discover America
In 986 the Norseman Bjarni Herjólfsson made landfall in Iceland, intending to meet up with his family....thjey had left so he sailed furher west ...until finally he met with strange terrain–he had discovered Labrador (northeast Canada)...... (Incidentally, it is Erikson, not Herjólfsson, who is given credit for the discovery in the saga of Erik the Red.)
1271-95 • The Travels of Marco Polo
In 1269 a 15-year-old Marco met his father Niccolò Polo and his uncle Maffeo for the first time, when the men returned to Venice from a mammoth journey to the East.
After an estimated three-and-a-half years of travel, the Venetians arrived at the palace of Kublai Khan. The Polo men were received with great enthusiasm, and the emperor was presented with papal letters and blessed oil of Jerusalem.
1405-33 • The Extraordinary Voyages of Chinese Admiral Zheng He
When the third Ming emperor Yongle rose to power in 1402, the Chinese gaze extended farther, beyond its borders, with the dispatching of an enormous expeditionary force into the South Pacific and Indian oceans as an unprecedented show of strength
For the next seven years the fleet ranged the Indian ocean. By the fourth voyage (1413-15) the crew totalled 28,560 men, and the massive force had progressed along Arabian coasts, reaching as far as Jeddah in Saudi Arabia.
1435-88 • The Portuguese Explore the African Tropics
Under Henry’s sponsorship a new kind of ship, the caravel, was developed in 1451, replacing the clumsier and more fragile, fixed single-mast balinger. With its triangular sails, the caravel allowed for beating, or tacking, meaning the ships could travel on a zigzag pattern upwind.
1492-1504 • Christopher Columbus Crosses the Atlantic Ocean
Columbus had communications with the astronomer Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, who provided Columbus with a copy of a letter and map he had originally sent King Afonso V of Portugal in 1474 outlining the idea of reaching the Indies by sailing westward.
1500 • Pedro Cabral Cracks the Atlantic Code and Discovers Brazil
King Manuel selected Cabral as commander-in-chief for the next mission to India, and on 3 March 1500 the expedition of thirteen ships and 1500 men left Lisbon.........By this time the navigational technique known as the Volta do Mar was well known to Portuguese navigators, and after Cabral had reached the island country of Cape Verde on the west African coast the thirteen ships launched into the manoeuvre, which involved sailing to the east by first heading out across the Atlantic to the west, to loop back and capture the westerlies that would sweep them in an easterly direction around the southern cape of Africa.
But on this loop, the navigators had discovered what is known today as Brazil.
1513 • Juan Ponce de León Discovers Florida
When Columbus departed on his second voyage to South America in 1493, he took with him a 1400-strong contingent of men dreaming of making their golden fortune–this included a former soldier named Juan Ponce de León.
1594-1611 • Willem Barentsz, Henry Hudson and the Quest for an Arctic Passage
The idea had been accepted that water of great depth and energy could not be frozen; that the Midnight Sun at the top of the world shone with such unbroken intensity that an uncongealed sea must await beyond a peripheral belt of ice.
1595-1617 • Sir Walter Ralegh Searches for El Dorado
The trouble with rumour, especially of the geographical strain, is its talent for adaptation. The twelfth-century tale of Prester John, for example told of a fabulously wealthy Nestorian Christian monarch whose vast resources could be a valuable ally for the Crusaders mourning the shock loss of the county of Edessa to Saracen forces in 1144. But where precisely was this kingdom? Otto, bishop of Freising in Germany, writes in his contemporary chronicle of it being in ‘the extreme orient, beyond Persia and Armenia’, but no trace was ever found. The search for this ‘lost’ priest–king gripped Europe for five hundred years.
1606-29 • The Dutch East India Company and the European Discovery of Australia
The Dutch East India Company (VOC), which was established in 1602 to regulate the Dutch trading ships now trafficking regularly with the East. It is almost impossible to overstate the size, power and wealth of this chartered company,
Between 1602 and 1796 almost one million men were dispatched by the VOC to sail their secret spice routes to the Indies, harvesting a total haulage of about 2.5 million tons of Asian goods.
The winds blasted Brouwer’s three-ship party across the Indian Ocean, after which the west Australian current swept them north to Java. This would become the default route for all VOC expeditions.
All new navigational data and discoveries were carefully recorded by the VOC but kept hidden in their private Zee-Fakel (‘ Sea Torch’) atlases, successfully protected from theft and leaks, on the whole, for around 150 years, maintaining Dutch hegemony of the spice trade.
1642-44 • Abel Tasman Finds New Zealand
On 14 August 1642 Tasman and the vessels Heemskerck and Zeehaen launched from Batavia, heading to Mauritius to capture the winds that would take them in a southerly direction. These they found, and though the intention had been to reach a record-breaking latitude of 54 ° S, at 42 ° S they were swamped with thick mist and spun eastwards. They continued on this course, unknowingly sailing below Australia, until on 24 November land was sighted–the first European observation of Tasmania.
1683-1711 • The Educated Pirate: The Adventures of William Dampier
Dampier is cited in the Oxford English Dictionary more than 1000 times for introducing words to the English language including avocado, barbecue, breadfruit, the verb caress, cashew, catamaran, chopsticks, posse, settlement, snapper, soy sauce, stilts (as house supports), subsistence (in farming), subspecies, swampy, thundercloud, snug and tortilla.
1725-41 • Vitus Bering’s Expedition into the Great Frozen North
January 1725, Bering and his thirty-four men set off from St Petersburg for Okhotsk on the Pacific coast on a mammoth 3500 mile-(5633km-) land crossing of some of the world’s most brutal terrain......By the time they reached Okhotsk in June, forty-six men had deserted and several others had died, but they pushed on undaunted to the next stage: to sail to the Kamchatka Peninsula.
1791-95 • George Vancouver Reveals America’s Northwest Coast
By October 1798 Vancouver was back in London, dying in obscurity only two-and-a-half years later from the illness that had taken hold during the Nootka surveys. As well as leaving behind a 500,000-word record of his expedition just 100 pages short of completion, the man considered first among the scientific explorers of the eighteenth century had added 388 place names to the world map, with islands, peninsulas, mountains and bays around the world still bearing his name.
1795-1806 • Mungo Park Explores North Africa
Of the forty-five men that left Pisania on 4 May 1805, only eleven arrived at Bamako on 19 August. Most were claimed by dysentery, yellow fever and malaria; the survivors managing to overcome these and the violent onslaught of weather, insects and native robbers they were too weak to fight off.
1799-1802 • Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland Explore South America
In November 1800 Humboldt and Bonpland sailed for Cuba for a brief visit, before returning to the mainland for another river survey, this time 500 miles (800km) of the Magdalena River. The inexhaustible pair followed this with a study of Ecuador’s volcanoes, scaling the 15,500ft-(4724m-) high active stratovolcano Pichincha on the second attempt, after a mysterious illness (altitude sickness) initially caused Humboldt to pass out.
In 1802 they then made their famous attempt on Chimborazo (the highest mountain on Earth if one measures from the centre of the planet rather sea level).
1819-20 • William Edward Parry Penetrates the Arctic Archipelago
Still a lieutenant, in 1819 Parry was dispatched by the Admiralty with his own strengthened ships, the bomb-vessel Hecla and the gun-brig Griper, to return to Lancaster Sound,
At 9.15 p.m. on 4 September, Parry recorded the moment the ships made the landmark crossing of the meridian of 110 ° west from Greenwich, a record that entitled he and his men to a £ 5000 reward offered by Parliament.
. [I note that the ice closed in on them inn Sept and it wasn’t until the following August that the ice began to melt].
1839-43 • James Clark Ross and the Search for the Magnetic Poles
By 1600, oceanic sailors were familiar with the caveat of the compass for piloting, that rather than pointing consistently at true north (defined as north according to the Earth’s axis) the needle pointed elsewhere, to a ‘magnetic north’....... (Columbus had noticed the variations in September 1492, but decided not to mention it to his men
Ross was granted use of the 370-ton flagship Erebus and the 340-ton Terror, more famous for their later service in the mission of John Franklin to search for the Northwest Passage. The expedition left the Cornish coast on 5 October 1839, rounding the Cape of Good Hope in April 1840 on its way to the Desolation Islands (Kerguelen Islands) in the South Indian Ocean.......From this point in explorational history, Antarctica would be left in peace for decades, abandoned–no man would advance further south than the 78 ° 10’ S position of Ross for another sixty years.
1845-47 • The Mysterious Disappearance of the Franklin Expedition
The most exciting developments in recent years, however, have been the discoveries of the wreck of the Erebus, in 2014, and two years later the Terror, found submerged in Terror Bay off the southwest coast of King William Island.
1846 • The Age of the Female Traveller Begins
1699, at the age of fifty-two, she drew up her will and secured funds for a voyage independently, by selling 255 of her own paintings. With special permission granted by the City of Amsterdam, she bought passage to the Labadist colony of La Providence in Suriname, on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America......With her younger daughter Dorothea, Merian spent two years in Suriname, collecting specimens and observing and painting more than ninety species of animals and over sixty species of plants.
On her return to Amsterdam she published the results of her adventure in 1705 with Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (‘ Transformation of the Surinamese insects’), one of the most beautiful works of natural history ever created......Merian’s recordings would be instrumental in the revolutionary systematic botany of Carl Linnaeus,......and her studies of the life cycles of insects formed one of the earliest demolishings of the popular belief in ‘spontaneous generation’,
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Habitually defiant of convention, in 1710 at the age of twenty-one she spurned the advances of the wonderfully named Clotworthy Skeffington to elope with Sir Edward Wortley Montagu. When her husband was posted to Constantinople in 1716 as British Ambassador to Turkey, she shocked London society by insisting on accompanying him.......Montagu is also remembered for introducing smallpox inoculation into Western medicine, after witnessing it practised during her Turkish travels. Seventy-nine years before Edward Jenner famously inoculated an 8-year-old boy with his vaccine drawn from cowpox in 1796,
1853-73 • David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley and the ‘Dark Continent’
By now it was apparent that Livingstone had shifted interest from converting Africans to Christianity to more fully exploring the African continent. In 1852, he sent Mary and the children home to England, where they lived in penury while he continued his explorations in Africa. [A nice touch].
Overall, I liked it. Not all explorers or all regions are covered , but he does a pretty good job. Four stars from me.