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The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture
Although researchers have long been aware that the species-typical architecture of the human mind is the product of our evolutionary history, it has only been in the last three decades that advances in such fields as evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, and paleoanthropology have made
the fact of our evolution illuminating. Converging findings from a variety of disciplines are leading to the emergence of a fundamentally new view of the human mind, and with it a new framework for the behavioral and social sciences. First, with the advent of the cognitive revolution, human nature
can finally be defined precisely as the set of universal, species-typical information-processing programs that operate beneath the surface of expressed cultural variability. Second, this collection of cognitive programs evolved in the Pleistocene to solve the adaptive problems regularly faced by our
hunter-gatherer ancestors--problems such as mate selection, language acquisition, cooperation, and sexual infidelity. Consequently, the traditional view of the mind as a general-purpose computer, tabula rasa, or passive recipient of culture is being replaced by the view that the mind resembles an
intricate network of functionally specialized computers, each of which imposes contentful structure on human mental organization and culture. The Adapted Mind explores this new approach--evolutionary psychology--and its implications for a new view of culture.
the fact of our evolution illuminating. Converging findings from a variety of disciplines are leading to the emergence of a fundamentally new view of the human mind, and with it a new framework for the behavioral and social sciences. First, with the advent of the cognitive revolution, human nature
can finally be defined precisely as the set of universal, species-typical information-processing programs that operate beneath the surface of expressed cultural variability. Second, this collection of cognitive programs evolved in the Pleistocene to solve the adaptive problems regularly faced by our
hunter-gatherer ancestors--problems such as mate selection, language acquisition, cooperation, and sexual infidelity. Consequently, the traditional view of the mind as a general-purpose computer, tabula rasa, or passive recipient of culture is being replaced by the view that the mind resembles an
intricate network of functionally specialized computers, each of which imposes contentful structure on human mental organization and culture. The Adapted Mind explores this new approach--evolutionary psychology--and its implications for a new view of culture.
688 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1992
48 people are currently reading
2269 people want to read
About the author
Jerome H. Barkow
7 books7 followersA Canadian anthropologist at Dalhousie University who has made important contributions to the field of evolutionary psychology. He received a B.A. in Psychology from Brooklyn College in 1964 and a Ph.D. in Human Development from the University of Chicago in 1970. He is Professor of Social Anthropology at Dalhousie University and a Distinguished International Fellow at the Institute of Cognition and Culture, Queen's University Belfast (Northern Ireland).
Barkow has published on topics ranging from sex workers in Nigeria to the kinds of sentients SETI might find. He is best known as the author of Darwin, Sex, and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture (1989). In 1992, together with Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, Barkow edited the influential book The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Recently (2006), he edited Missing the Revolution: Darwinism for Social Scientists.
Barkow has published on topics ranging from sex workers in Nigeria to the kinds of sentients SETI might find. He is best known as the author of Darwin, Sex, and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture (1989). In 1992, together with Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, Barkow edited the influential book The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Recently (2006), he edited Missing the Revolution: Darwinism for Social Scientists.
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Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews
March 17, 2012
Cosmides, Tooby, and Barkow laid out the blueprint for the new research paradigm of evolutionary psychology in this volume, often touted as the "Bible" of the field. However, I feel that the book has not aged well and will only be of interest to those with an academic interest in evolutionary psychology.
First, I will say the authors have made an insightful and important contribution to psychology as a whole. With the publication of The Adapted Mind, the importance of an evolutionary perspective came into better focus. The authors also corrected the fallacies of sociobiology. In their key essays, Cosmides and Tooby rightly argue that sociobiology ignored the psychological level of behavior, that it was "mind-blind," so to speak. They also correct another mistake of sociobiology by describing humans as "adaptation executers" rather than "fitness maximizers." It's always important to keep in mind that evolution is not an optimizing process and that what is adaptive in one situation may not be so in another.
There are a number of trends and directions, though, that this book is responsible for starting that have been just plain bad for evolutionary psychology as a research program:
1. Over-reliance on genic selection. "Selfish gene" logic can be a very useful heuristic, but the so-called "Santa Barbara" or "Cosmides and Tooby school" of evo psych tends to forget that other models of evolutionary theory exist.
2. The straw man of the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM). Cosmides and Tooby seem to have set up this scarecrow to make their own ideas appear more "revolutionary." However, the idea of the SSSM has led to a hostility toward non-evolutionary explanations of behavior when (as the authors do point out) proximate and ultimate (evolutionary in this case) explanations should be complementary, not at odds. The SSSM has become a windmill for more obnoxious presentations of evo psych to tilt at (cf. Pinker's polemic The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature).
3. Assuming massive modularity where it contradicts the structure of the brain as portrayed by mainstream neuroscience.
4. A number of hypotheses that have simply not panned out (such as the much-touted "cheater detection module") but are still held up as robust findings.
(Most of these points are covered in detail in David J. Buller's critique of the Cosmides and Tooby paradigm, Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature.)
For a much more up-to-date survey of evolutionary psychology, see Laland and Brown's Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour, which also puts evo psych in the context of other approaches such as human behavioral ecology and gene-culture co-evolution.
First, I will say the authors have made an insightful and important contribution to psychology as a whole. With the publication of The Adapted Mind, the importance of an evolutionary perspective came into better focus. The authors also corrected the fallacies of sociobiology. In their key essays, Cosmides and Tooby rightly argue that sociobiology ignored the psychological level of behavior, that it was "mind-blind," so to speak. They also correct another mistake of sociobiology by describing humans as "adaptation executers" rather than "fitness maximizers." It's always important to keep in mind that evolution is not an optimizing process and that what is adaptive in one situation may not be so in another.
There are a number of trends and directions, though, that this book is responsible for starting that have been just plain bad for evolutionary psychology as a research program:
1. Over-reliance on genic selection. "Selfish gene" logic can be a very useful heuristic, but the so-called "Santa Barbara" or "Cosmides and Tooby school" of evo psych tends to forget that other models of evolutionary theory exist.
2. The straw man of the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM). Cosmides and Tooby seem to have set up this scarecrow to make their own ideas appear more "revolutionary." However, the idea of the SSSM has led to a hostility toward non-evolutionary explanations of behavior when (as the authors do point out) proximate and ultimate (evolutionary in this case) explanations should be complementary, not at odds. The SSSM has become a windmill for more obnoxious presentations of evo psych to tilt at (cf. Pinker's polemic The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature).
3. Assuming massive modularity where it contradicts the structure of the brain as portrayed by mainstream neuroscience.
4. A number of hypotheses that have simply not panned out (such as the much-touted "cheater detection module") but are still held up as robust findings.
(Most of these points are covered in detail in David J. Buller's critique of the Cosmides and Tooby paradigm, Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature.)
For a much more up-to-date survey of evolutionary psychology, see Laland and Brown's Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour, which also puts evo psych in the context of other approaches such as human behavioral ecology and gene-culture co-evolution.
September 22, 2017
This is an old book, and many of the studies and ideas in it have long since disseminated into the world and become commonplace, but it was worth the read for me to have the case for evolutionary psychology laid out so plainly and compellingly in the first few chapters, at least. When I first encountered the idea however many years ago, it just seemed so plainly true. We evolved, our brains evolved, so presumably the way our brains work evolved, maybe we can see evidence of our evolutionary history in universal human behavior, or come to understand how and why we think and act the way we do knowing our evolutionary history. Of course, going from the general concept to particulars is going to be a mess, and that mess has resulted in much skepticism about the entire field in the world at large. As an undergrad, I expressed interest in taking an evo psych class to my advisor, who discouraged me, saying it was all so much just-so stories. While reading this book, I had some discouraging responses to me reading it: one complaining that evo psych tries to force humans into a box, one complaining that evo psych is just fodder for racism and sexism. Yes, it's true, we are trying to put humans in the box of being biological organisms subject to natural law; and yes, similarly it has been decided that genetics is not a valid field of science because eugenicists want to use it (whether they understand it correctly or not) for ill purposes.
And yet if you READ the papers, you find that somehow, despite everything, it's still kind of a lot like science. Some studies may be better run than others, or more or less conclusive. At least in this volume, no outrageous claims are made, just modest suggestions that some correlations seem to exist and might support a particular evolutionary hypothesis, that more research is needed. You get sentences like "As in many other areas, sexual stereotypes may act to magnify considerably the effects of such preexisting dispositions." - as if by magic, able to acknowledge the effect of stereotypes while still in line with very basic biological facts (there exist sexual differences! no really!).
It's almost as if reading the source is more informative than hearing about it vaguely from the least trustworthy people! There are a wide variety of topics addressed in this volume - some seem more promising than others, some more fruitful or worthwhile, some more trustworthy. I would like to think exposure to the types of things you can think about using the known science of evolutionary biology, as well as the caution and scrupulousness exhibited, might be of interest to people who read an incredibly bad science journalism article once, but I'm probably being too optimistic.
And yet if you READ the papers, you find that somehow, despite everything, it's still kind of a lot like science. Some studies may be better run than others, or more or less conclusive. At least in this volume, no outrageous claims are made, just modest suggestions that some correlations seem to exist and might support a particular evolutionary hypothesis, that more research is needed. You get sentences like "As in many other areas, sexual stereotypes may act to magnify considerably the effects of such preexisting dispositions." - as if by magic, able to acknowledge the effect of stereotypes while still in line with very basic biological facts (there exist sexual differences! no really!).
It's almost as if reading the source is more informative than hearing about it vaguely from the least trustworthy people! There are a wide variety of topics addressed in this volume - some seem more promising than others, some more fruitful or worthwhile, some more trustworthy. I would like to think exposure to the types of things you can think about using the known science of evolutionary biology, as well as the caution and scrupulousness exhibited, might be of interest to people who read an incredibly bad science journalism article once, but I'm probably being too optimistic.
August 25, 2025
This is the well known anthology of seminal essays that launch evolutionary psychology in the early 90s by Cosmides, Tooby and Barkow. Evolutionary psychology explains human nature by evolved psychological mechanisms. The evolved psychological mechanisms are the product of adaptations from natural selections over evolutionary time. The evolved psychological structure is originated from adaptations of the way of life in the Pleistocene hunter-gatherer lifestyle over time and not necessarily to our modern culture. A central feature of evolutionary psychology is that it integrates evolutionary biology into psychology to explain human nature which breaks the tradition of psychological and social sciences of engaging in research within their own domain while disregarding findings in the larger network of sciences, such as evolutionary biology, cognitive science, neurobiology, social anthropology.
The anthology begins with a long essay “The Psychological Foundations of Culture” by Cosmides and Tooby which sets up evolutionary and psychological foundations of social sciences. The essay began with a criticism of Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) which is the model of approaching social sciences by engaging in research within its own discipline while ignoring development of the network of sciences just mentioned. A unique feature of SSSM is its usage of the blank slate view of human nature according to which human minds are born free of content or nature. A human shapes his psychological profile based on information he experiences in his environment. Psychology is a study of the processing of information a human acquires from his environment. SSSM’s blank state view of human nature suffers from a distinction of nature/nurture. Just because a child’s absent of mental organisation at birth does not imply some mechanisms are not already present in the structure but would emerge over time such as such as teeth and breast.
Cosmides and Toobey then explains how evolutionary biology fits into cognitive psychology by adaptations in information processing system from selection pressures operating in ancestral environment. The selection pressure respects Hamilton's rule which describes how the pressures operating on mechanisms that generate behaviours that have a reproductive impact on an organism and its kin. The rule is based on a cost-benefit calculation in actions with evolutionary advantage. The selection pressures would result in adaptations in mental computational mechanisms that govern social exchange, mate selection, parental love, language acquisition and various mental functionalities. On this approach, the adaptations are manifested in information processing system that result in behaviours. The evolved psychological architecture is a human species specific architecture that bundles up mechanisms or modules that can solve domain and content specific problems in the environment. Such modules includes social exchange module, emotion perception module, sexual attraction module, theory of mind module, grammar acquisition module etc to solve a variety of human culture problem
After Cosmides and Tooby's foundational essay, the next section is on adaptations for cooperation. Being man is a cultural and social creature, the most fundamental aspect of his psychological structure is mechanisms for social exchange and cooperation. Their essay, Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange is a result of 8 years of experimental research on the reasoning mechanism for social exchange. The hypothesis is that reasoning and rationality mechanisms have been developing from ancestors over million of years to cope with long standing evolutionary problems. With regard to social exchange reasoning, social exchange or reciprocal altruism reasoning on sharing of resources is based often on the cost/benefit calculation in Hamilton rule. In any agreement to share resources, the exchange may not be simultaneous. To address such temporal lapse or detect potential cheaters in cooperation, there is a cooperation rule 3 known as Tit for Tat rule: cooperate on the first move, on subsequent move, do whatever your partner did on the previous move. This social cooperation is used to see both parties are honouring the agreement. Their research also considers algorithms in social contract reasoning for social exchange. One finding is that social contract reasoning is not mere logical analysis. Another issue considered is if there is a cheater detection in social contract reasoning or people are just good at social contract reasoning. The finding from the experiments is that the algorithms governing social contract include inference procedures to detect cheaters. Those inference rules are built into cost/benefit calculation. This result suggest that human minds include cognitive procedures that are adaptations for reasoning about social contract.
The next section of the anthology is on the psychology of mating. Buss essay is on mate preference mechsnism with a research using 10000 subject cross culturally. Male and female show consistent sex differences in mate preferences across culture. Females prefer mates with resources and attributes that are correlated with resource acquisition more than males while males prefer youth and attractiveness for reproductive capacity. Research also shows tactics used in intrasexual competition to attract mates reflect the mate preferences of the opposite sex. Buss stated more research is needed on an adequate description of these psychological mechanisms. In Ellis study of female evaluative mechanism of mate selection, though a woman may not exhibit a behaviour that chooses a mate for reproductive goal, selection pressures work on psychological mechanisms to detect male traits with economic resources, ability to protect a woman from harm, ability to engage directly in parenting. These mechanisms are similar to Dawkins view that mate selection criteria are based on reproductive goals in many life forms as mentioned in The Selfish Genes.
In such an anthology, there is of course a section on adaptations in language and perception. Pinker contributed to the article on language in which he examines language shows signs of complex design for the communication of proportional structures, and the only explanation for the origin of organs with complex design is natural selections. His article covers a variety of issues such as language as a spandrel, appearance of arbitrariness of language when a code needs to be set for usage in the environment, and functional challenge of gradual changes by selection pressure of a complex language structure.
A fascinating section in the anthology is environmental aesthetics. The topic explores emotional response to aesthetics of the environment that leads to survival and reproductive value. Gordon Orians and Judith Heerwagen essay, Evolved Responses to Landscape, proposed a "Savannah hypothesis: according to which humans have evolved preferences to habitats with features characteristics of a tropical African savannah, the environment from which early homosapiens have initially evolved. The early homosapiens were accustomed to the high resource savannah environment which provided them with survival. Such experience has generated aesthetics preferences in their psychological profile to prefer savannah over other biomes. Test subjects from US, Argentina and Australia were offered photos of different biomes to include tropical forest, desert, deciduous forest. Coniferous forest and Savannah. While adults show variation of preferences, children of 8 year old cross culturally selects savannah over other biomes showing an innate predisposition over savannah. Their study also review habitat selection criteria in different stages such as habitat encounter, exploration and decision that generates aesthetics judgment. This study shows interesting psychological development of adaptations from aesthetic reaction to environment for natural selection.
There is a small section on intrapsychic processes in which Randolph Nesse and Alan Lloyd offers an essay of psychodynamic mechanism. The essays examines how a variety of concepts in psychoanalysis fits into evolutionary psychology. It shows a variety of mechanisms that are not truth conducive offers survival advantages that are suitable for the selection processes. For instance, self-deception may enhance ability to deceive others in maintaining relationships. Another issue repression which keeps unconscious thoughts and wishes from surfacing. Indignant moral wishes, hatred, unacceptable desires in custom and other negative ideation are repressed for survival advantage in relationship. Defenses, the mental process that keeps unacceptable or painful thoughts , wishes, impulses or memories from consciousness�� and thereby reduces painful affects provide mental survival advantages. What is interesting in all these processes is that adaptations maybe subject to mechanisms that are not truth conducive. Selection processes can be not truth conducive but have pressure merely for psychological survival.
This anthology offers essays in a wealth of psychological topics by experts in each field to connect evolutionary mechanism and processes to psychology. It will remain as a go to source to consult for the initial development of evolutionary psychology.
The anthology begins with a long essay “The Psychological Foundations of Culture” by Cosmides and Tooby which sets up evolutionary and psychological foundations of social sciences. The essay began with a criticism of Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) which is the model of approaching social sciences by engaging in research within its own discipline while ignoring development of the network of sciences just mentioned. A unique feature of SSSM is its usage of the blank slate view of human nature according to which human minds are born free of content or nature. A human shapes his psychological profile based on information he experiences in his environment. Psychology is a study of the processing of information a human acquires from his environment. SSSM’s blank state view of human nature suffers from a distinction of nature/nurture. Just because a child’s absent of mental organisation at birth does not imply some mechanisms are not already present in the structure but would emerge over time such as such as teeth and breast.
Cosmides and Toobey then explains how evolutionary biology fits into cognitive psychology by adaptations in information processing system from selection pressures operating in ancestral environment. The selection pressure respects Hamilton's rule which describes how the pressures operating on mechanisms that generate behaviours that have a reproductive impact on an organism and its kin. The rule is based on a cost-benefit calculation in actions with evolutionary advantage. The selection pressures would result in adaptations in mental computational mechanisms that govern social exchange, mate selection, parental love, language acquisition and various mental functionalities. On this approach, the adaptations are manifested in information processing system that result in behaviours. The evolved psychological architecture is a human species specific architecture that bundles up mechanisms or modules that can solve domain and content specific problems in the environment. Such modules includes social exchange module, emotion perception module, sexual attraction module, theory of mind module, grammar acquisition module etc to solve a variety of human culture problem
After Cosmides and Tooby's foundational essay, the next section is on adaptations for cooperation. Being man is a cultural and social creature, the most fundamental aspect of his psychological structure is mechanisms for social exchange and cooperation. Their essay, Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange is a result of 8 years of experimental research on the reasoning mechanism for social exchange. The hypothesis is that reasoning and rationality mechanisms have been developing from ancestors over million of years to cope with long standing evolutionary problems. With regard to social exchange reasoning, social exchange or reciprocal altruism reasoning on sharing of resources is based often on the cost/benefit calculation in Hamilton rule. In any agreement to share resources, the exchange may not be simultaneous. To address such temporal lapse or detect potential cheaters in cooperation, there is a cooperation rule 3 known as Tit for Tat rule: cooperate on the first move, on subsequent move, do whatever your partner did on the previous move. This social cooperation is used to see both parties are honouring the agreement. Their research also considers algorithms in social contract reasoning for social exchange. One finding is that social contract reasoning is not mere logical analysis. Another issue considered is if there is a cheater detection in social contract reasoning or people are just good at social contract reasoning. The finding from the experiments is that the algorithms governing social contract include inference procedures to detect cheaters. Those inference rules are built into cost/benefit calculation. This result suggest that human minds include cognitive procedures that are adaptations for reasoning about social contract.
The next section of the anthology is on the psychology of mating. Buss essay is on mate preference mechsnism with a research using 10000 subject cross culturally. Male and female show consistent sex differences in mate preferences across culture. Females prefer mates with resources and attributes that are correlated with resource acquisition more than males while males prefer youth and attractiveness for reproductive capacity. Research also shows tactics used in intrasexual competition to attract mates reflect the mate preferences of the opposite sex. Buss stated more research is needed on an adequate description of these psychological mechanisms. In Ellis study of female evaluative mechanism of mate selection, though a woman may not exhibit a behaviour that chooses a mate for reproductive goal, selection pressures work on psychological mechanisms to detect male traits with economic resources, ability to protect a woman from harm, ability to engage directly in parenting. These mechanisms are similar to Dawkins view that mate selection criteria are based on reproductive goals in many life forms as mentioned in The Selfish Genes.
In such an anthology, there is of course a section on adaptations in language and perception. Pinker contributed to the article on language in which he examines language shows signs of complex design for the communication of proportional structures, and the only explanation for the origin of organs with complex design is natural selections. His article covers a variety of issues such as language as a spandrel, appearance of arbitrariness of language when a code needs to be set for usage in the environment, and functional challenge of gradual changes by selection pressure of a complex language structure.
A fascinating section in the anthology is environmental aesthetics. The topic explores emotional response to aesthetics of the environment that leads to survival and reproductive value. Gordon Orians and Judith Heerwagen essay, Evolved Responses to Landscape, proposed a "Savannah hypothesis: according to which humans have evolved preferences to habitats with features characteristics of a tropical African savannah, the environment from which early homosapiens have initially evolved. The early homosapiens were accustomed to the high resource savannah environment which provided them with survival. Such experience has generated aesthetics preferences in their psychological profile to prefer savannah over other biomes. Test subjects from US, Argentina and Australia were offered photos of different biomes to include tropical forest, desert, deciduous forest. Coniferous forest and Savannah. While adults show variation of preferences, children of 8 year old cross culturally selects savannah over other biomes showing an innate predisposition over savannah. Their study also review habitat selection criteria in different stages such as habitat encounter, exploration and decision that generates aesthetics judgment. This study shows interesting psychological development of adaptations from aesthetic reaction to environment for natural selection.
There is a small section on intrapsychic processes in which Randolph Nesse and Alan Lloyd offers an essay of psychodynamic mechanism. The essays examines how a variety of concepts in psychoanalysis fits into evolutionary psychology. It shows a variety of mechanisms that are not truth conducive offers survival advantages that are suitable for the selection processes. For instance, self-deception may enhance ability to deceive others in maintaining relationships. Another issue repression which keeps unconscious thoughts and wishes from surfacing. Indignant moral wishes, hatred, unacceptable desires in custom and other negative ideation are repressed for survival advantage in relationship. Defenses, the mental process that keeps unacceptable or painful thoughts , wishes, impulses or memories from consciousness�� and thereby reduces painful affects provide mental survival advantages. What is interesting in all these processes is that adaptations maybe subject to mechanisms that are not truth conducive. Selection processes can be not truth conducive but have pressure merely for psychological survival.
This anthology offers essays in a wealth of psychological topics by experts in each field to connect evolutionary mechanism and processes to psychology. It will remain as a go to source to consult for the initial development of evolutionary psychology.
March 9, 2022
What is the book about?
The Adapted Mind is the first comprehensive book about Evolutionary Psychology in the modern era. The first two chapters (a fifth of it’s length; 161 pages) are dedicated to the delineation of the major issues of the standard social science model at the time whose core tenet “All culture is socially learned” obscured the link between biology and culture. The authors argue that evolutionary psychology can provide that link by integrating biology with psychology, and psychology with social and cultural phenomena. The rest of the book covers investigations and possible explanations of psychological phenomena from an evolutionary point of view, including cooperation, mating and sex, parental care, the nature of children’s play, environmental aesthetics, and psychodynamics.
Can I recommend it?
The Adapted Mind is for everyone who is particularly interested in the connection between individual psychology and culture. Since the psychological phenomena differ from those dealt with in other comprehensive books about evolutionary psychology, it is worth having a look despite its being 27 years old by now. However, the general approach has changed to some degree (dual inheritance theory) which invites to reading up on the most recent work on evolutionary psychology: The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology by David Buss.
What did I dislike?
- the part on language was not really exciting: dealt only with why natural selection would apply to language too (counter to Gould's and Lewontin's nonselectionist position)
What did I like, in general?
- Especially the parts from Cosmide's and Tooby's are very well written: detailed, logical, alternative descriptions to make the point clear
- the treatise of the standard social science model and its need of conceptual integration
- the chapter on environmental aesthetics
Did the book inspire me? Did it surprise me? Did it excite other meaningful thoughts or emotions?
Yes.
- Vertical integration called my attention to the inclusiveness of some sciences like physics of chemistry and biology, but the restricted applicability of biology or physics to physics.
- The link between biology and culture is clear now.
Were there chapters that I would listen again to gain further understanding? Which parts were the best?
- Psychological Foundations of Culture
- Environmental Aesthetics
What are some of my key takeaways?
- Open and closed programs = biological traits whose expression is either more variable (language acquisition) or less variable (emotional display)
What are content-independent, domain-general mechanisms and what are their weaknesses?
Domain-general mechanisms can be defined with regards what they lack: pre-existing structure and knowledge about the features of the recurrent problems they are meant to solve. The logic about their inability to meet the solvability and evolvability criterion goes as follows:
The problems which they are meant to solve have too little recurrent features.
→ Hence, it possesses less knowledge about the problems it is meant to solve in advance. (This knowledge comprises defined categories of entities and properties, relations between the categories, operations that might be performed, goals to be achieved, methods for interpreting observations, criteria with which to discriminate success from failure, potential lack of information and ways to get it.)
→ 1. Hence, the problem space becomes so vast that it contains an infinite number of possibilities (combinatorial explosion), the majority of which is non-adaptive behavior and leads to failure, while only a small fraction of them leads to reproduction.
→ 2. Hence it is restricted to employing only general principles of problem-solving that can apply to all problems, i.e. it does not distinguish between different problem-domains or content classes. However, problems differ and require different solutions depending on their features. The most general purpose for a design cannot be “survival”. This function cannot be fulfilled because it is too abstract, unrealistic, manifold. The purpose need to be more specific such as “stay warm” or “protect your infant” for a design to compute means and produce behaviors to achieve it.
C: The domain-general mechanism is neither effective, nor efficient, and thus cannot have evolved over content-dependent, domain-specific mechanisms.
- Another problem is that the more abstract the category is (the common feature), the less sufficient the information from the outside world becomes and the less accessible the information become to the senses.
What are the psychological foundations of culture according to evolutionary psychology?
A psychology richly responsive to the environment in general (evoked culture) and able to socially learn (epidemiological culture). Cosmides and Tooby explain three forms of culture that account for in-group similarities and between-group differences:
- Metaculture: “Mechanisms functionally organised to use cross-cultural regularities in the social and nonsocial environment give rise to panhuman mental contents and organisation.” It includes cultural phenomena that are universal, because they are produced no matter what the particular circumstances are (Derksen, 2012).
- Evoked Culture: The shared universal architecture responds to shared environmental conditions and expresses itself similarly, or responds to different conditions and expresses itself differently. It consists of phenomena that are historically, regionally, individually, or in some other way particular: the result of the conditionality of our brain's mechanisms (Derksen, 2012). Human culture and social behavior is complexly variable not because it is a social product, but because it is generated by an incredibly intricate, contingent set of functional programs that use and process information from the world, including information that is provided both intentionally and unintentionally by other human beings (p.24). Local conditions harbor a host of variables which determine the way the psychological mechanism manifests itself in behavior.
- Epidemiological Culture (”transmitted” culture/social learning): The observer’s inferential mechanisms (social cognition) reconstruct representations similar to those present in others. “transmitted” culture implies that what is reconstructed is already contained or consciously taught within the individual from whom the representation is derived, however, that must not be the case.Evolutionary psychology emphasises the primacy of psychological mechanisms in the individual, and thus the primary causal process is located within the learner, not in the individual from whom the representation is derived. It consists of representations such as songs or stories that are transmitted from one individual to the next, and may therefore be spread unevenly (Derksen, 2012). Some phenomena being “socially constructed” means that the social environment provided some of the inputs used by the psychological mechanisms of the individuals involved. Most of what constitutes culture in individual minds is not explicitily stated. If domain-specific mechansims with inherent content lack, inexplicit cultural content could not be learned.
What are the psychological foundations of culture according to the Standard Social Science Model?
- the individual can and does not generate culture, but culture emerges from complex social dynamics
- as infants biology is apparent, but by the time humans grow adult, culture is
- the individual mind is a blank slate which comes equipped with structures but whose contents are provided by culture through learning; humans are equipotential information-processing systems with general-purpose cognitive mechanisms
- SSSM embraces dualism (Cartesian world view): the mental vs. the physical; evolutionary psychology embraces monism
- Moral appeals of the SSSM: Denial of genetic or biological determinism
1. Environmentalism allows to attribute race, class and sex differences to culture and dismiss biological difference that give rise to racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination
2. Equipotentiality allows to act against corruptive and other traits and behaviors bad for society (aggression, intelligence, etc.)
The Adapted Mind is the first comprehensive book about Evolutionary Psychology in the modern era. The first two chapters (a fifth of it’s length; 161 pages) are dedicated to the delineation of the major issues of the standard social science model at the time whose core tenet “All culture is socially learned” obscured the link between biology and culture. The authors argue that evolutionary psychology can provide that link by integrating biology with psychology, and psychology with social and cultural phenomena. The rest of the book covers investigations and possible explanations of psychological phenomena from an evolutionary point of view, including cooperation, mating and sex, parental care, the nature of children’s play, environmental aesthetics, and psychodynamics.
Can I recommend it?
The Adapted Mind is for everyone who is particularly interested in the connection between individual psychology and culture. Since the psychological phenomena differ from those dealt with in other comprehensive books about evolutionary psychology, it is worth having a look despite its being 27 years old by now. However, the general approach has changed to some degree (dual inheritance theory) which invites to reading up on the most recent work on evolutionary psychology: The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology by David Buss.
What did I dislike?
- the part on language was not really exciting: dealt only with why natural selection would apply to language too (counter to Gould's and Lewontin's nonselectionist position)
What did I like, in general?
- Especially the parts from Cosmide's and Tooby's are very well written: detailed, logical, alternative descriptions to make the point clear
- the treatise of the standard social science model and its need of conceptual integration
- the chapter on environmental aesthetics
Did the book inspire me? Did it surprise me? Did it excite other meaningful thoughts or emotions?
Yes.
- Vertical integration called my attention to the inclusiveness of some sciences like physics of chemistry and biology, but the restricted applicability of biology or physics to physics.
- The link between biology and culture is clear now.
Were there chapters that I would listen again to gain further understanding? Which parts were the best?
- Psychological Foundations of Culture
- Environmental Aesthetics
What are some of my key takeaways?
- Open and closed programs = biological traits whose expression is either more variable (language acquisition) or less variable (emotional display)
What are content-independent, domain-general mechanisms and what are their weaknesses?
Domain-general mechanisms can be defined with regards what they lack: pre-existing structure and knowledge about the features of the recurrent problems they are meant to solve. The logic about their inability to meet the solvability and evolvability criterion goes as follows:
The problems which they are meant to solve have too little recurrent features.
→ Hence, it possesses less knowledge about the problems it is meant to solve in advance. (This knowledge comprises defined categories of entities and properties, relations between the categories, operations that might be performed, goals to be achieved, methods for interpreting observations, criteria with which to discriminate success from failure, potential lack of information and ways to get it.)
→ 1. Hence, the problem space becomes so vast that it contains an infinite number of possibilities (combinatorial explosion), the majority of which is non-adaptive behavior and leads to failure, while only a small fraction of them leads to reproduction.
→ 2. Hence it is restricted to employing only general principles of problem-solving that can apply to all problems, i.e. it does not distinguish between different problem-domains or content classes. However, problems differ and require different solutions depending on their features. The most general purpose for a design cannot be “survival”. This function cannot be fulfilled because it is too abstract, unrealistic, manifold. The purpose need to be more specific such as “stay warm” or “protect your infant” for a design to compute means and produce behaviors to achieve it.
C: The domain-general mechanism is neither effective, nor efficient, and thus cannot have evolved over content-dependent, domain-specific mechanisms.
- Another problem is that the more abstract the category is (the common feature), the less sufficient the information from the outside world becomes and the less accessible the information become to the senses.
What are the psychological foundations of culture according to evolutionary psychology?
A psychology richly responsive to the environment in general (evoked culture) and able to socially learn (epidemiological culture). Cosmides and Tooby explain three forms of culture that account for in-group similarities and between-group differences:
- Metaculture: “Mechanisms functionally organised to use cross-cultural regularities in the social and nonsocial environment give rise to panhuman mental contents and organisation.” It includes cultural phenomena that are universal, because they are produced no matter what the particular circumstances are (Derksen, 2012).
- Evoked Culture: The shared universal architecture responds to shared environmental conditions and expresses itself similarly, or responds to different conditions and expresses itself differently. It consists of phenomena that are historically, regionally, individually, or in some other way particular: the result of the conditionality of our brain's mechanisms (Derksen, 2012). Human culture and social behavior is complexly variable not because it is a social product, but because it is generated by an incredibly intricate, contingent set of functional programs that use and process information from the world, including information that is provided both intentionally and unintentionally by other human beings (p.24). Local conditions harbor a host of variables which determine the way the psychological mechanism manifests itself in behavior.
- Epidemiological Culture (”transmitted” culture/social learning): The observer’s inferential mechanisms (social cognition) reconstruct representations similar to those present in others. “transmitted” culture implies that what is reconstructed is already contained or consciously taught within the individual from whom the representation is derived, however, that must not be the case.Evolutionary psychology emphasises the primacy of psychological mechanisms in the individual, and thus the primary causal process is located within the learner, not in the individual from whom the representation is derived. It consists of representations such as songs or stories that are transmitted from one individual to the next, and may therefore be spread unevenly (Derksen, 2012). Some phenomena being “socially constructed” means that the social environment provided some of the inputs used by the psychological mechanisms of the individuals involved. Most of what constitutes culture in individual minds is not explicitily stated. If domain-specific mechansims with inherent content lack, inexplicit cultural content could not be learned.
What are the psychological foundations of culture according to the Standard Social Science Model?
- the individual can and does not generate culture, but culture emerges from complex social dynamics
- as infants biology is apparent, but by the time humans grow adult, culture is
- the individual mind is a blank slate which comes equipped with structures but whose contents are provided by culture through learning; humans are equipotential information-processing systems with general-purpose cognitive mechanisms
- SSSM embraces dualism (Cartesian world view): the mental vs. the physical; evolutionary psychology embraces monism
- Moral appeals of the SSSM: Denial of genetic or biological determinism
1. Environmentalism allows to attribute race, class and sex differences to culture and dismiss biological difference that give rise to racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination
2. Equipotentiality allows to act against corruptive and other traits and behaviors bad for society (aggression, intelligence, etc.)
December 13, 2009
This is one of the earliest texts in the field called Evolutionary Psychology (EP). This specialization evolved from what Edward O. Wilson termed "Sociobiology" in the mid-1970s. EP applies the logic of sociobiology to human psychology. That is, how has natural selection shaped how humans think and make decisions? As editors Leda Cosmides, John Tooby, and Jerome Barkow put it (page 7): "Evolutionary psychology is psychology informed by the fact that the inherited architecture of the human mind is the product of the evolutionary process." The book, in their conceptualization, has two goals (page 3): "The first is to introduce the newly crystallizing field of evolutionary psychology to a wider audience. . .The second goal of this volume is to clarify how this new field. . .supplies the necessary connection between evolutionary biology and the complex, irreducible social and cultural phenomena studied by anthropologists, economists, and historians."
They locate their perspective by juxtaposing evolutionary psychology with what the term "the standard social scientific model." The chapter by Tooby and Cosmides (Chapter 1) outlines this model in much more detail. As we know, the SSSM insists that, for all practical purposes, human nature - and thus human behavior - is shaped by culture. Put less laconically, the SSSM rests on three cardinal tenets - two of them explicit, the third usually implicit. These are: (1) that humans have no innate behavioral tendencies; (2) that, consequently, human nature is solely the product of learning and socialization (in short, of "nurture"); from which it follows (3) that human nature (and consequently human behavior) is essentially quite malleable (my rendering of the perspective). Of course, evolutionary psychology moves in a different direction, emphasizing the effects of the evolutionary process on human behavior and thinking.
This edited volume includes a series of chapters exploring different aspects of human behavior. The section titles illustrate the variety of topics covered: Section II focuses on cooperation and social exchange, noting that these have evolutionary bases; III examines the psychology of mating and sex; IV looks at parental care and children; V considers perception and language as evolutionary adaptations; VI takes a look at environmental aesthetics (such as evolved responses to landscapes); VII has only one chapter--looking at the evolution of psychodynamic mechanisms. The volume closes with an essay by Jerome Barkow.
Not all readers will be convinced by the arguments raised in this volume. However, it serves an important purpose by unapologetically claiming that we cannot understand much of human psychology (and other social behaviors) without considering human evolution. Indeed, it is hard to complain about this overarching perspective. However, readers may well dispute specific applications of the perspective. In the end, this is a rich volume and will prod the reader to think differently about "human nature."
They locate their perspective by juxtaposing evolutionary psychology with what the term "the standard social scientific model." The chapter by Tooby and Cosmides (Chapter 1) outlines this model in much more detail. As we know, the SSSM insists that, for all practical purposes, human nature - and thus human behavior - is shaped by culture. Put less laconically, the SSSM rests on three cardinal tenets - two of them explicit, the third usually implicit. These are: (1) that humans have no innate behavioral tendencies; (2) that, consequently, human nature is solely the product of learning and socialization (in short, of "nurture"); from which it follows (3) that human nature (and consequently human behavior) is essentially quite malleable (my rendering of the perspective). Of course, evolutionary psychology moves in a different direction, emphasizing the effects of the evolutionary process on human behavior and thinking.
This edited volume includes a series of chapters exploring different aspects of human behavior. The section titles illustrate the variety of topics covered: Section II focuses on cooperation and social exchange, noting that these have evolutionary bases; III examines the psychology of mating and sex; IV looks at parental care and children; V considers perception and language as evolutionary adaptations; VI takes a look at environmental aesthetics (such as evolved responses to landscapes); VII has only one chapter--looking at the evolution of psychodynamic mechanisms. The volume closes with an essay by Jerome Barkow.
Not all readers will be convinced by the arguments raised in this volume. However, it serves an important purpose by unapologetically claiming that we cannot understand much of human psychology (and other social behaviors) without considering human evolution. Indeed, it is hard to complain about this overarching perspective. However, readers may well dispute specific applications of the perspective. In the end, this is a rich volume and will prod the reader to think differently about "human nature."
August 29, 2016
I never thought I'd finish it. But I did!
Possibly the most important part of the book is the first 137 pages -- the manifesto, the call to arms. This section could -- possibly should -- have been a book in itself, and perhaps have been written with a lighter touch. I found myself amenable to its arguments. The rest of the book contains chapters within thematic sections showing how an evolutionary psychological approach could be used to answer, suggest answers to, particular human behaviours or abilities.
An evolutionary approach to these areas was extraordinarily controversial only twenty-five years ago -- I bought this book solely because of the number of times I had seen the names Tooby and Cosmides pop up in article and books at that time -- and remains controversial now.
Your interest in the entire book will depend on how interested you are in a multitudinous areas of human psychology. My eyes glazed over in several places, certainly (still, I soldiered on). And yet there were other areas that made me sit up (as a hobby photographer with an interest in landscapes, evolved aesthetic reponses to landscape particularly caught my eye -- shame it was so late in the book!).
Worth a read, particularly if you are a structured dipper, and have an interest in the social sciences, psychology, social psychology, and the like.
Possibly the most important part of the book is the first 137 pages -- the manifesto, the call to arms. This section could -- possibly should -- have been a book in itself, and perhaps have been written with a lighter touch. I found myself amenable to its arguments. The rest of the book contains chapters within thematic sections showing how an evolutionary psychological approach could be used to answer, suggest answers to, particular human behaviours or abilities.
An evolutionary approach to these areas was extraordinarily controversial only twenty-five years ago -- I bought this book solely because of the number of times I had seen the names Tooby and Cosmides pop up in article and books at that time -- and remains controversial now.
Your interest in the entire book will depend on how interested you are in a multitudinous areas of human psychology. My eyes glazed over in several places, certainly (still, I soldiered on). And yet there were other areas that made me sit up (as a hobby photographer with an interest in landscapes, evolved aesthetic reponses to landscape particularly caught my eye -- shame it was so late in the book!).
Worth a read, particularly if you are a structured dipper, and have an interest in the social sciences, psychology, social psychology, and the like.
May 6, 2014
This collection of essays, the first complete text in evolutionary psychology, changed my understanding of the human mind. Brilliant insights from the founders of the discipline and their colleagues offer an alternative to the traditional social science model--attempting to reconfigure psychology in terms of the shared physiological mechanisms that humans have evolved over time.
May 12, 2009
Oh, how the human mind is adapted from millions of years and problem solving and survival of the past...sometimes not adapted to cope with modern problems. It's a great and informative book about human behavior and its influences.
March 3, 2024
The book is a very thorough methodological foray into an evolutionarily informed model of the human mind.
Each chapter deals with one aspect of the mind. Written by different authors, each a specialist in his/her area, the book gives both theoretical and experimental justifications for their theories and their implications on the scientific understanding of the human mind.
I left this work with a much better understanding of how evolution creates complex systems and how each major system of information processing works in our mind.
My only complaint is that, trying to be absolutely thorough, the book repeats some of its core concepts too many times in slightly different ways. This makes the book somewhat tiresome for someone who (like me) read it cover to cover. Due to this fact, I recommend reading the chapters in order of interest (after reading the ones that provide the theoretical background).
Each chapter deals with one aspect of the mind. Written by different authors, each a specialist in his/her area, the book gives both theoretical and experimental justifications for their theories and their implications on the scientific understanding of the human mind.
I left this work with a much better understanding of how evolution creates complex systems and how each major system of information processing works in our mind.
My only complaint is that, trying to be absolutely thorough, the book repeats some of its core concepts too many times in slightly different ways. This makes the book somewhat tiresome for someone who (like me) read it cover to cover. Due to this fact, I recommend reading the chapters in order of interest (after reading the ones that provide the theoretical background).
July 25, 2024
Excellent, thoroughly coherent discussion of fundamental human characteristics. Based on science not mythology.
September 20, 2008
Super dense. Some parts of it were really boring. First chapter was awesome.
Quotes:
"Integrated Causal Model
a. the human mind consists of a set of evolved information processing mechanisms instantiated in the human nervous system;
b. these mechanisms, and the developmental programs that produce them, are adaptations, produced by natural selection over evolutionary time in ancestral environments;
c. many of these mechanisms are functionally specialized to produce behavior that solves particular adaptive problems, such as mate selection, language acquisition, family relations, and cooperation;
d. to be functionally specialized, many of these mechanisms must be richly structured in a content-specific way;
e. content-specific information-processing mechanisms generate some of the particular content of human culture, including certain behaviors, artifacts, and linguistically transmitted representations;
f. the cultural content generated by these and other mechanisms is then present to be adopted or modified by psychological mechanisms situated in other members of the population;
g. this sets up epidemiological and historical population-level processes; and;
h. these processes are located in particular ecological, economic, demographic, and intergroup social contexts or environments."
"The Standard Social Science Model requires an impossible psychology. Results out of cognitive psychology, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, developmental psychology, linguistics, and philosophy converge on the same conclusion: A psychological architecture that consisted of nothing but equipotential, general-purpose, content-independent, or content-free mechanisms could not successfully perform the tasks the human mind is known to perform or solve the adaptive problems humans evolved to solve-from seeing, to learning a language, to recognizing an emotional expression, to selection a mate, to the many disparate activities aggregated under the term "learning culture." It cannot account for the behavior observed, and it is not a type of design that could have evolved."
"The behavior of individual organisms is caused by the structure of their adaptations and the environmental input to them; it is not independently governed by the principle of individual fitness maximization. Individual organisms are best thought of adaptation-executors rather than as fitness-maximizers."
"Nonpropagating designs are removed from the population, whether they believe in naive realism or that everything is an arbitrary social construction."
"Males and females show consistent sex differences in mate preferences across cultures in two major clusters: (a) females prefer mates with resources and attributes that are correlated with resource acquisition more than males do, and (b) males prefer youth and physical attractiveness, two correlates of reproductive capacity, more than females do."
"The taller candidate won 80% of U.S. presidential elections between 1904 and 1980."
"An adaptionist approach to sex differences is straightforward. When males and females have encountered the same adaptive problem with the same frequency over evolutionary time, their cognitive mechanisms for solving that problem should be exactly the same. Only when the two sexes have encountered adaptive problems that systematically differ over evolutionary time should their mechanisms for solving them differ."
"The way preferences feels to the perceiver stands in sharp contrast to the process that underlies it. Preferences is experienced as direct and immediate. There is no hint in consciousness of the complex inferential process that appears to underlie the judgment of preference. Given the range of variables that are being assessed, the underlying process must be carried out with remarkable speed and efficiency."
"Culture is not simply human psychology, not even evolutionary psychology, "writ large." We still need the social sciences. But psychology underlies culture and society, and biological evolution underlies psychology. By thinking about all three kinds of explanation at once we build vertically integrated theory, theory that passes the compatibility test of this book's Introduction. More than that, the vertically integrated frame helps us to ask the right questions, as when, as Tooby and Cosmides point out, we think in terms of what kind of psychology might have evolved in response to the adaptive problems of the Pleistocene, or, as does the present chapter, we as what kind of psychology may be permitting evolutionarily unanticipated social forms."
Quotes:
"Integrated Causal Model
a. the human mind consists of a set of evolved information processing mechanisms instantiated in the human nervous system;
b. these mechanisms, and the developmental programs that produce them, are adaptations, produced by natural selection over evolutionary time in ancestral environments;
c. many of these mechanisms are functionally specialized to produce behavior that solves particular adaptive problems, such as mate selection, language acquisition, family relations, and cooperation;
d. to be functionally specialized, many of these mechanisms must be richly structured in a content-specific way;
e. content-specific information-processing mechanisms generate some of the particular content of human culture, including certain behaviors, artifacts, and linguistically transmitted representations;
f. the cultural content generated by these and other mechanisms is then present to be adopted or modified by psychological mechanisms situated in other members of the population;
g. this sets up epidemiological and historical population-level processes; and;
h. these processes are located in particular ecological, economic, demographic, and intergroup social contexts or environments."
"The Standard Social Science Model requires an impossible psychology. Results out of cognitive psychology, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, developmental psychology, linguistics, and philosophy converge on the same conclusion: A psychological architecture that consisted of nothing but equipotential, general-purpose, content-independent, or content-free mechanisms could not successfully perform the tasks the human mind is known to perform or solve the adaptive problems humans evolved to solve-from seeing, to learning a language, to recognizing an emotional expression, to selection a mate, to the many disparate activities aggregated under the term "learning culture." It cannot account for the behavior observed, and it is not a type of design that could have evolved."
"The behavior of individual organisms is caused by the structure of their adaptations and the environmental input to them; it is not independently governed by the principle of individual fitness maximization. Individual organisms are best thought of adaptation-executors rather than as fitness-maximizers."
"Nonpropagating designs are removed from the population, whether they believe in naive realism or that everything is an arbitrary social construction."
"Males and females show consistent sex differences in mate preferences across cultures in two major clusters: (a) females prefer mates with resources and attributes that are correlated with resource acquisition more than males do, and (b) males prefer youth and physical attractiveness, two correlates of reproductive capacity, more than females do."
"The taller candidate won 80% of U.S. presidential elections between 1904 and 1980."
"An adaptionist approach to sex differences is straightforward. When males and females have encountered the same adaptive problem with the same frequency over evolutionary time, their cognitive mechanisms for solving that problem should be exactly the same. Only when the two sexes have encountered adaptive problems that systematically differ over evolutionary time should their mechanisms for solving them differ."
"The way preferences feels to the perceiver stands in sharp contrast to the process that underlies it. Preferences is experienced as direct and immediate. There is no hint in consciousness of the complex inferential process that appears to underlie the judgment of preference. Given the range of variables that are being assessed, the underlying process must be carried out with remarkable speed and efficiency."
"Culture is not simply human psychology, not even evolutionary psychology, "writ large." We still need the social sciences. But psychology underlies culture and society, and biological evolution underlies psychology. By thinking about all three kinds of explanation at once we build vertically integrated theory, theory that passes the compatibility test of this book's Introduction. More than that, the vertically integrated frame helps us to ask the right questions, as when, as Tooby and Cosmides point out, we think in terms of what kind of psychology might have evolved in response to the adaptive problems of the Pleistocene, or, as does the present chapter, we as what kind of psychology may be permitting evolutionarily unanticipated social forms."
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
January 14, 2023
The definitive text for students of Evolutionary Psychology. The content is fascinating, even revolutionary (for 1992).
But this book is not written for a general audience though the cover jacket claims otherwise. The arguments assume familiarity with Evolutionary Biology concepts and that's fair enough. The problem is that no effort has been made to make the book friendly towards the layperson. The style is very academic, even tedious. References are repetitive and provided directly within the text (instead of numbered notes) which interrupts the flow of sentences.
The introduction actually states that the book is a collection of commissioned papers (of the kind you would find in an academic journal). So again, this book is not for the general reader but only for a serious student of Evolutionary Psychology.
But this book is not written for a general audience though the cover jacket claims otherwise. The arguments assume familiarity with Evolutionary Biology concepts and that's fair enough. The problem is that no effort has been made to make the book friendly towards the layperson. The style is very academic, even tedious. References are repetitive and provided directly within the text (instead of numbered notes) which interrupts the flow of sentences.
The introduction actually states that the book is a collection of commissioned papers (of the kind you would find in an academic journal). So again, this book is not for the general reader but only for a serious student of Evolutionary Psychology.
Read
December 23, 2007to-read wishntref
July 8, 2011
Classic book in EvoPsyc
June 10, 2012
The Bible of Evolutionary Psychology.
January 2, 2017
exploding Durkheim's procrustean Standard Social Science Model
Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews