Great, comprehensive overview of proper running training. Not only marathon. IMO all advice applies to shorter distances too. Maybe not training plans, but an explanation of why you do different types of training (long run, recovery run, VO2 max, etc.), nutrition, etc. is very useful for any distance runner.
I strongly recommend reading this book if you run!
Notes/highlights:
Chapter 1 - Elements of Training:
- The proportion of slow-twitch fibers in your muscles is determined genetically. Can be measured with biopsy.
- Successful marathoners have high VO2 max values
- Simply getting fitter has been shown to improve mental toughness
- Recovery runs and easy- to moderate-intensity cross-training improve blood flow through the muscles; this process improves the repair of damaged muscle cells, removes waste products, and brings nutrients to your muscles. These benefits are lost, however, if you do recovery runs so fast that you tire yourself out for your subsequent hard training sessions.
- The most effective way to improve LT is to run at your current LT pace or a few seconds per mile faster, either as one continuous run (tempo run) or as a long interval session at your LT pace (cruise intervals or LT intervals).
- LT training should be run at close to the pace that you can currently race for 1 hour.
- A typical training session to improve LT consists of a 15- to 20-minute warm-up followed by a 20- to 40-minute tempo run and a 15-minute cool-down.
- Another way to estimate LT pace for experienced runners is about 10 to 15 seconds per mile slower than 10K race pace. Successful marathoners generally race the marathon 2 to 3 percent slower than LT pace.
- Experience suggests that steadily building your long runs to 21 or 22 miles (34 or 35 km) will maximize your chances of reaching the marathon in top shape while remaining healthy. Experienced marathoners who are not highly injury prone should include one run of 24 miles (39 km) in their preparation.
- The most beneficial intensity range for most of your long runs is 10 to 20 percent slower than your goal marathon race pace.
- If you use a heart monitor, your long-run pace should be in the range of 75 to 84 percent of maximal heart rate or 66 to 78 percent of your heart rate reserve.
- The first few miles of your long runs can be done slowly, but by 5 miles (8 km) into your long run, your pace should be no more than 20 percent slower than marathon race pace. Gradually increase your pace until you’re running approximately 10 percent slower than marathon race pace during the last 5 miles (8 km) of your long runs.
- During an LT session or long run, your heart rate will tend to increase several beats per minute even if you hold an even pace.
- For marathoners, probably the four most worthwhile ways to try to improve running economy are remaining uninjured and accumulating mileage over time, resistance training, hill training, and running short repetitions (80-120 m) at a fast but relaxed pace.
- short hill reps of 10-12 seconds led to best improvement in running economy
- A typical session of strides is 10 repetitions of 100 meters in which you accelerate up to full speed over the first 70 meters and then float for the last 30 meters. It’s critical to remain relaxed during these accelerations. Avoid clenching your fists, lifting your shoulders, tightening your neck muscles, and so on. Concentrate on running with good form, and focus on one aspect of good form, such as relaxed arms or complete hip extension, during each acceleration.
- A commonly used but unevaluated rule of thumb is to increase mileage by a maximum of 10 percent per week. Jack Daniels (2014) recommends increasing mileage by no more than 1 mile (1.6 km) for each training session that you run per week. For example, if you run six times per week, you would increase your mileage by up to 6 miles (10 km) per week.
- The most effective running intensity to improve O2max is 95 to 100 percent of current O2max
- Ninety-five to 100 percent of O2max coincides with current 3,000-meter to 5,000-meter race pace.
- recovery between intervals: allow your heart rate to decrease to 70 percent of your maximal heart rate or 60 percent of your heart rate reserve. A lower-tech approach is to allow 50 to 90 percent of the length of time it takes to do the interval for your recovery. For example, if you’re running 1,000-meter repeats in 3:20, you would run slowly for 1:40 to 3 minutes between intervals.
Chapter 2 - Nutrition and Hydration:
- Sodium in your food and drinks provides the benefit of enabling your body to retain more of the fluid you take in
- Sports drinks should also contain at least 110 mg of sodium per 8 fluid ounces to enhance glucose and water absorption and improve fluid retention
- Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) primarily affects your brain
- After training or racing, wait until you’re reasonably well rehydrated to enjoy a postrun potable. Imbibing while you’re still dehydrated from running will slow your recovery.
- When you run, your body burns a mixture of carbohydrate and fat. The harder you run, the higher the proportion of carbohydrate you use; the slower you run, the higher the proportion of fat you use. During walking, more than half of the calories you burn are provided by the breakdown of fat. As your pace increases, you use proportionately less fat and more carbohydrate.
- When your glycogen stores become critically low, you experience “hitting the wall” or “bonking.” A problem with glycogen depletion is that there aren’t warning signs that it’s going to occur until it’s too late. When you need to slow suddenly in a marathon, the culprit is probably glycogen depletion, not dehydration, which tends to affect you more gradually.
- For some of your long runs, however, it may be beneficial to allow your glycogen tank to run low to stimulate increased glycogen storage. The most convenient way to train low is to do a long training run in the morning before breakfast (or after a very small breakfast) or at least 6 hours after a meal.
- How Much Carbohydrate Do You Need in Your Daily Training Diet? If you’re averaging an hour to an hour and a half of training per day, you need approximately 2.3 to 3.2 grams of carbohydrate per pound (5-7 g/kg) of your body weight per day. If you’re training for an hour and a half to two hours per day, you need approximately 3.2 to 3.9 grams of carbohydrate per pound (7-8.5 g/kg) of body weight per day. Training for 2 hours or more per day requires at least 3.6 grams of carbohydrate per pound (8 g/kg) of body weight per day.
- To date (2019?), the majority of evidence supports the view discussed in this chapter that carbohydrates are the primary fuel source for marathon training and racing.
- Strategies to increase your rate of glycogen replenishment: Don’t wait. Your body stores glycogen at a faster rate during the first two hours after exercise and at the fastest rate during the first 30 minutes after exercise, so have a carbohydrate drink with you when you finish your long runs or other glycogen-depleting workouts. Bring along some easy-to-digest carbohydrate foods as well. To speed glycogen resynthesis, take in a little under half a gram per pound of body weight (1 g/kg) in the first 30 minutes after the workout and another gram per pound of body weight during the following 2 hours, and have a meal within 3 hours of finishing training. Increase your intake of carbohydrate. After a glycogen-depleting workout, increase your carbohydrate intake to at least 3.6 grams per pound of body weight (8 g/kg) during the next 24 hours. During the first few hours after a workout, your glycogen stores will be replenished more quickly if you consume moderate– or high–glycemic index foods, such as sports drinks, recovery bars, fruit bars, potatoes, rice cakes, bread, bagels, raisins, and crackers. Consume some protein with your carbohydrates. A small amount of protein (e.g., 15-20 g) consumed with carbohydrates has been found to increase glycogen storage and also stimulates protein synthesis for muscle repair.
- Over the past several years, however, studies have clearly shown that endurance athletes have elevated protein needs.
- If you eat too much protein, you may not be consuming enough carbohydrate, so such a diet would reduce your energy levels.
- Daily Protein Requirements for Marathoners: 55-75 g/day per 100 lbs weight (110-150 for 200 lbs)
- Iron is vital to running performance. Low iron intake can be a problem for vegetarians and runners who eat red meat less often than once a week.
- How Do You Know if You Have Low Iron? If you have low iron, first, you’ll be dragging. Your heart rate may be elevated, and your enthusiasm for running will have sunk. You may also feel cold much of the time and have generalized fatigue throughout the day. These symptoms tend to come on gradually, however, so you may not suspect that you have low iron levels until they’ve had a large impact on your training. You can confirm your suspicions only with a blood test. You should find out your hemoglobin level (the iron in your red blood cells) and your serum ferritin level (your body’s iron stores).
- Good food sources of iron include liver, lean red meat, poultry dark meat, fish, oysters, egg yolk, dark green leafy vegetables, legumes, dried fruit, lentils, and whole-grain or enriched cereals and bread.
- Don’t drink coffee or tea with meals because they reduce iron absorption. For example, you’ll absorb three times as much iron from your cereal and toast if you switch from coffee to orange juice with breakfast.
- Most runners don’t need to take protein supplements to meet their needs.
- You should follow most gels with a couple of sips of fluid to wash them down, and you should take in approximately 4 to 6 ounces (118-177 mL) of water afterward to help absorb the gel. Some gels, however, are isotonic (check the label), so you do not need to take in fluid to help with absorption. The best time to take an energy gel that is not isotonic is shortly before an aid station.
- The simple way to avoid hyponatremia during a hot-weather marathon is to consume fluids containing at least 250 milligrams of sodium per liter and to not drink more than you have lost as sweat.
Chapter 3 - Balancing Training and Recovery:
- There are different types of workouts because each type of workout uses different combinations of energy systems, so complete recovery from one type of workout isn’t necessary before you do another type of workout
- Minimum Time Between Hard Workouts and Tune-Up Races Type of workout: Tempo run (e.g., 4 miles at 15K to half marathon race pace) - 4 days, Long run 17-20 miles (4 days), VO2 max intervals (e.g., 6 × 1,000 m at 5K race pace) - 5 days.
- After high-intensity and prolonged exercise, however, the immune system is temporarily suppressed, creating an open window during which you’re at increased risk of infection.
- Runners with diets that do not provide enough protein, iron, zinc, or vitamins A, B6, B12, and E, however, may have weakened immune systems. The best way to get the vitamins and minerals you need is to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.
- Hard days on Saturday and Sunday followed by recovery days on Monday and Tuesday provide a strong training stimulus and 2 full days to recover before the next hard effort on Wednesday.
- The cat-cow yoga pose will help loosen your pelvic region, which tends to feel locked up when you drive soon after running.
- Runner fallacy: Rather than letting their body dictate the pace on their recovery days, they check their GPS watch throughout and make sure they’re running faster than their self-prescribed too-slow pace. Worrying about how your run will look on Strava, Instagram, or elsewhere online compounds the problem.
- Some runners can handle 2 hard days of training in succession, whereas others need 3 easy days after each hard workout. Your individual training threshold also changes with time.
- Overreaching occurs when you string together too many days of hard training. Your muscle fatigue is most likely primarily from glycogen depletion, and you may simply need time for metabolic recovery. A few days of moderate training combined with a high-carbohydrate diet should quickly remedy the situation.
- Traditional aids to recovery from marathon training include cooling down after hard workouts, cold water immersion, and massage therapy; compression apparel may also be helpful.
- Your cool-down should start with easy running for 10 to 15 minutes.
- MONITORING YOUR “RECOVER-ABILITY”: weight, heart rate, environmental conditions, hours of sleep, quality of sleep, diet quality, hydration level, muscle soreness, energy level, HR at a standard pace (If your heart rate at a set pace is more than about 7 beats per minute higher than usual, you may not be recovered from your previous training sessions.)
- Foam rolling can be a good form of self-massage.
- The benefits of sleep include increased secretion of human growth hormone and improved brain function and memory, immune function, reaction time, and mental health.
- Do compression tights speed recovery? Probably. Compression tights and compression socks are widely available to wear during training and recovery. Research on compression clothing is evolving rapidly, but recent evidence suggests that compression tights and knee-high socks are useful for runners in reducing DOMS and perceived fatigue during recovery.
Chapter 4 - Supplementary Training:
- Tight muscles provide resistance that limits your ability to stride out.
- Dynamic stretching is a good way to stretch muscle groups before the muscles are warmed up, such as before a normal training run.
- Static stretching is best performed after running or as part of a supplementary training session.
- Prerun dynamic flexibility routine on page 81
- If you stretch aggressively, your muscles will tighten in a protective reflex to prevent straining or tearing of muscle fibers. You need to stretch gently and consistently to obtain improved length in the muscle and surrounding connective tissue.
- For static stretching, the traditional recommendation is to hold a stretch for at least 30 seconds and to do each stretch once or twice.
- 24-Minute Static Stretching Flexibility Program on page 86
- For marathoners with busy nonrunning lives, aim to do core stability training three times per week.
- Basic Core Strength Session on page 94
- Advanced Core Strength Session on page 98
- Resistance training generally should be included in your training program two times a week.
- Core stability training can be done as a warm-up before your strength training session.
- Strength Training Session on page 104
- Do drills when you are warmed up but still fresh
- A good way to incorporate drills easily into your routine is to do them before a session of strides and before harder workouts such as tempo runs and O2max sessions.
- Perform the drills as a circuit; that is, do one repetition of each, and then repeat the sequence. Do one repetition of each drill for 15 to 20 meters, and rest before the next one by walking back to the starting point.
- drills on pages 110-111
- Cross-training activities that work the large muscle groups of the legs (e.g., cycling, elliptical training, deep-water running, and cross-country skiing) are most similar to running and should lead to the greatest improvements in performance.
- An advantage of cycling is that it works the cardiovascular system while eliminating the impact forces that cause most running injuries.
- Meb Keflezighi in his mid-30 stretched before and after every run. He did some form of core stability or other strengthening work most days. He retooled his diet to focus on high-quality protein with every meal and reduce empty calories, and he became fastidious about having a recovery drink immediately after finishing his main run of the day. He replaced some of his shorter recovery runs with ElliptiGO rides so that he was fresher and less sore for his key workouts. He did postrun form drills every day except after long runs to maintain range of motion and neuromuscular fitness.
Chapter 5 - The Older (and wiser) marathoner:
- There are two types of running training that improve ankle power. The first type is running short hill reps (as discussed in chapters 1 and 4 and included in the training schedules), in which you use your calf muscles to sprint up a moderate hill. The second is running strides (as discussed in chapter 1 and included in the training schedules), in which you accelerate powerfully on the flat.
- Older runners can’t get away with dietary mistakes as they could when younger. Key aspects of diet for older runners to focus on include refueling after workouts, eating enough protein, rehydrating after running, and avoiding excess alcohol.
- Alcohol isn’t a friend for older runners because it leads to dehydration, interferes with sleep, and provides empty calories. It also slows recovery due to its effect on the liver. The serious older marathoner should keep alcohol intake to a minimum.
- In your 20s you could probably run through sudden small aches and pains. Now it’s more likely that the same approach will lead to the issue being noticeable before, during, and after running, and you realizing your training has been compromised for the last few weeks.
Chapter 6 - tapering:
- tapering leads to improvements in running economy (how much oxygen you need to run at a given pace) and muscle strength and power.
- optimal length of a taper is from 7 days to 3 weeks. For the marathon, the general consensus is to taper for a minimum of 2 weeks, with 3 weeks being optimal. Too short a taper will leave you tired on marathon day, whereas tapering for too long will lead to a loss of fitness.
- KEY PRINCIPLES FOR MARATHON TAPERING: Begin tapering 3 weeks before your marathon. Maintain training intensity. Reduce mileage. Make recovery days easy, or take days off. Optimize recovery strategies with proper diet and hydration. Eliminate muscle tightness with stretching, physical therapy (if required), massage, and rest.
- We also recommend a tune-up race 2 weeks before the marathon as a key session for putting the final polish on your racing fitness
- It’s almost always best to do a light jog the day before the marathon—you’ll feel better on race day, you’ll have a chance to get a last check on any tight muscles, and perhaps most important, you’ll do something other than stare at the walls all day fretting about your race.
- avoid before race: deadlines, driving, sightseeing; wash hands, skip expo, meditate visualizing race
Chapter 7 - race-day strategy:
- If your main goal is to finish, no warm-up is necessary.
- drink at all aid stations
- do body scans