"Resistimos à invasão dos exércitos; não resistimos à invasão das ideias."
É com essa frase do escritor francês Victor Hugo que Ben Dupré inicia este livro. Não poderia ter escolhido melhor. Afinal, as ideias constroem governos e os derrubam, criam novos comportamentos e tendências, alimentam crenças e desconstroem mitos. Nada é mais forte do que uma ideia, por mais que ela assuste ou encante.
Dividido em seis grandes grupos – filosofia, religião, política, economia, artes e ciências –, este livro apresenta os conceitos básicos por trás de cada tema. Em filosofia, por exemplo, aborda diversas correntes do pensamento e alguns dos conceitos criados para
dar conta dos grandes dilemas humanos. Já em religião, discute questões básicas e movimentos como o fundamentalismo e o criacionismo. A parte dedicada à política é a maior porque engloba todo tipo de do liberalismo ao racismo, do fascismo
ao feminismo. Os principais movimentos artísticos, as teorias mais importantes da ciência e da economia completam as 50 grandes ideias da humanidade que você precisa conhecer.
Ben Dupré read Classics at Exeter College, Oxford, before pursuing a career in publishing. Until 2004 he was children's reference publisher at Oxford University Press.
He is the author of Places of Destiny (published in the US as Where History was Made), 50 Big Ideas You Really Need to Know, 50 Political Ideas You Really Need to Know and the bestselling 50 Philosophy Ideas You Really Need to Know.
A devotee of baseball and early music, Ben lives in Oxford with his family.
This was an interesting book on 50 of the "Big Ideas" to philosophically hit mankind. While, in some instances, I could think of some better ideas, Ben Dupre had a very good list of philosophy that touched almost every person on this planet! It was interesting and well written and definitely gave a very good overview of each and every idea that he presented. This book is definitely worth a gander at in order to round off your philosophical understanding of the world.
بقدم الكاتب خمسين فكرة عن الأفكار العظيمة التي يجب أن تعرفها، أفكار عظيمة رئيسية تندرج تحتها الكثير من الأفكار فما هي تلك الأفكار العظيمة التي يقدم المؤلف عنها خمسين فكرة يجب أن تعرفها؟ هذه الأفكار العظيمة هي الفلسفة: وفيها يجب أن تعرف الأفلاطونية ومثاليتها، ومذهبها في اكتساب المعرفة، فالكهف الذي يعيش فيه الناس لا يمكنهم فيه رؤية الحقيقة، هم يرون الخيالات التي تظهر علي جدران الكهف، لكنهم إذا استداروا فإنهم يرون الحقيقة بألوانها. ما نراه هو خيال ووهم وصورة للحقيقة. أما الحقيقة فهي في عالم مثالي. الأرسطية مذهب فلسفي آخر يجب أن تتعرف عليه، فإذا كانت الأفلاطونية تحلق في السماء، فإن الأرسطية أقدامها ثابتة في الأرض، أرسطو أهبط الفلسفة من التفكير في الأمور المثالية إلي التفكير في الأمور الدنيوية التي تهم حياة الناس. القاعدة الذهبية كفكرة فلسفية أخذت شهرتها بين الناس، هذه القاعدة تقول (عامل الناس كما تحب أن يعاملوك) وقد عبرت التعاليم الدينية كلها تعبيرات مختلفة حول هذا المضمون. وفكرة أخري هي الإيثارية: هذه الفكرة حيرت علماء النفس خاصة علماء النفس التطوري لأنهم عجزوا عن معرفة لماذا يقوم الكائن الحي بفعل الإيثار حتي إذا أدي إلي موته وفقدان حياته. فكرة أخري هي الحرية، لماذا نهتم بأن نكون أحرار، وهل نحن أحرار فعلا؟ وفكرة التسامح، لماذا يجب أن نتسامح، وهل التسامح يدل علي أننا ضعفاء؟ الكثير من الأفكار الأخري التي ناقشها الكتاب منها: الشك، العقل، العقلب وهل هو ضروري تربويا ام لا؟، والمادية والنسبية وكيف غيرت التفكير تاما بين الناس، والنفعية كمبدأ أخلاقي والوجودية. الدين: فكرة الشر تعتبر من الأفكار المحورية في أي دين، لماذا خلق الله الشر؟ بل إن بعض منكري وجود الله ينكرونه لغلبة الشر علي العالم، فإذا كان الله موجودا فلماذا يغلب الشر علي العالم؟. كذلك فكرة القدر: القدر ما معناه، وما دورنا في مواجهته؟ وما الروح؟ وكيف نتعامل مع العالم الروحاني؟ وكيف نكون مؤمنين حقا؟. أيضا أفكار أخري كالأصولية والإلحاد والعلمانية والأخلاق. كل ذلك أفكار دينية تشغل الفكر العالمي. السياسة: الأفكار السياسية التي يري الكاتب أهميتها هي: الحرب والواجب واليوتوبيا والليبرالية والديمقراطيةوالمحافظة والإمبريالية والقومية والعقد الاجتماعي وغيرها من الأفكار التي صارت شاغلة للفكر العالمي منذ وقت طويل ولازالت تشغله. الاقتصاد:أما الأفكار الاقتصادية فهي: الرأسمالية والعولمة . الفنون: في الفنونفأفكار مثل الكلاسيكية في الفن والرومانتيكية في الفن والحداثة والسريالية والرقابة ودورها، كل ذلك مما يشغل عقل أي فنان أو مهتم بالحركة الفنية عموما. العلوم: في العلوم ففكرة التطور هي أهم الأفكار التي تشغل الفكر العلمي العالمي منذ قرن تقريبا، ونظرية النسبية بما لها من دور في خلق بيئة علمية جديدة لم تكن لتوجد لولا النسبية، ونظرية الانفجار الكبير. كل هذه الأفكار وغيرها تعتبر باكورة الفكر العالمي جمعها الكاتب في كتاب مميز جدا ومهم جدا لمن يهتم بتكوين ثقافته الشخصية بصورة صحيحة.
Q: «Эти люди не сидят на пляже, прислушиваясь к рокоту прибоя. Они сидят на пляже, прислушиваясь к колебаниям атмосферно- го давления, создающего энергию океанических волн, каковая перераспределяется в форме звука в хаотической турбулентно- сти отмели… Они не любуются тем, как розовеет небо на западе в лучах закатного солнца. Они наблюдают смещение спектра солнечного излучения в сторону длинных волн, пока более короткие постепенно рассеиваются, по мере того как вращение Земли отдаляет нас от источника излучения». За этой, возможно забавной, картинкой скрывается очень серьезное представление о будущем, высказанное в 1979 году Полом Черчлен- дом, философом канадского происхождения. По мере развития научного понимания, утверждает Черчленд, «народная психоло- гия» — бытовой способ мышления и выражения внутренней жизни в терминах представлений, желаний, намерений, суждений и т. п. — исчезнет, а на смену ей придут строгие концепции и описания, разработанные нейронаукой (c) Q: «Я написал эту книгу… как историю открытий, попыток обнаружить величайшее живое существо на Земле. Гея — теория, в которой все живые организмы и вся материя Земли составляют единую систему, своего рода суперорга- низм, или живую планету. Гея поддерживала для себя и для всех живых существ комфортные условия существования. Она делала так, чтобы воздух, океаны и земля всегда были бы пригодны для жизни." Этими несколько высокопарными словами британский независимый исследователь Джеймс Лавлок начал свою знаменитую работу «Гея: новый взгляд на жизнь на Земле», изданную в 1979 году. В своих поисках, начатых десятилетием раньше, он столкнулся с многочислен- ными препятствиями, в основном созданными его коллегами. В то вре- мя большинство ученых считали, что жизнь на Земле зародилась в результате крайне удачного стечения обстоятельств; жизнь — это «случайный пассажир» на «каменном шаре, несущемся через простран- ство и время». Именно чрезвычайно малая вероятность случайного возникновения условий, подходящих для появления и развития жизни, вдохновила Лавлока на создание концепции Геи, согласно которой условия для своего существования обеспечивает сама жизнь. (c)
It is rare that I can find almost nothing to recommend a particular book, but this one is one of those few. The ideas presented may be essential knowledge, but the way they are presented is quite skewed. In the introduction, the author praises communism as a particularly successful societal plan. Perhaps I am naive, but I don't consider it a success by any definition of the word. Skipping to a few other topics reveals a perspective best characterized as supportive of the notion that people need strong government to tell them what to do, veering frequently into the sort of liberal idealism that denigrates moral rule as outdated and unnecessarily restrictive. While I would classify myself as a strong conservative and a passionately patriotic American, I am perfectly capable of reading about and even appreciating ideas that don't conform to that standard. When the entire presentation is designed to find fault with my beliefs, though, I don't see the point.
It only gives a brief intro or summary to each of the inclusive topics, due to which it often only regurgitates the foundations of knowledge that most already possess. It often quotes whole chunks of text in various forms, consequentially there is very little original work in this book - if any. Some of the 50 ideas within the book's content have no place inside it, if the book was to be about the top 50 ideas in the field of philosophy and ethics. This leads to a second error in its title/ displayed information namely that of the inclusion of ethics ( which does possess similarities in regards to philosophy, but remains distinct). From the length of this passage I assume you can conclude the little to say about this book.
خمسين فكرة من أهم الأفكار بشكل عام التي تركت بصماتها على الحضارة الإنسانية على مدى الألفيين ونصف العام الماضيين. من الحرية إلى الليبرالية، جايا إلى يوتوبيا، يتم تحديد كل فكرة بطريقة، في معظمها مسلية للغاية. 4 صفحات مخصصة لكل فكرة بما يكفي فقط لتقديم كل مفهوم . يغطي ما يقرب من نصف الكتاب الفلسفة والدين - ويتناول الباقي السياسة والعلوم والفنون والاقتصاد.
Having previously tackled 50 Philosophy Ideas, author Ben Dupré now broadens his scope to focus on fifty of the most significant ideas in general that have left their mark on human civilisation over the past two and a half millenia. From liberty to liberalism, Gaia to Utopia, each idea is outlined in a manner that is, for the most part, highly readable and entertaining.
If you're already familiar with this series of books, you'll know what to expect: 4 pages allotted to each idea (just enough to introduce each concept and cover key aspects and figures), a timeline along the bottom providing a little context, and various side panels and pull-quotes to liven up each page. No illustrations in this one, but that's no great loss.
This title sits slightly apart from the other books in the series in that the overarching theme is more tenuous. Almost half the book covers philosophy and religion - the rest deals with politics, science, arts and economics. Obviously one casualty of this approach is that, unlike previous books, you don't finish it with the same sense that you've comprehensively covered all the basics. Its breadth means it is likely to appeal more to the curious reader looking for a book of isms than someone eager to educate themselves on a particular subject.
One downside for me was the amount of overlap between this and Dupré's previous Quercus book, 50 Philosophy Ideas. I would have preferred ideas from the previous book like the Golden Rule and Platonism to have made way for new material. Still, the repetition is not quite so bad that you feel shortchanged. This is a well-written and balanced dip-in/dip-out book from a gifted writer, and an enjoyable entry in the series.
«50 μεγάλες ιδέες που άλλαξαν τον κόσμο»: ένα βιβλίο που πρέπει να υπάρχει σε κάθε βιβλιοθήκη…
Το νέο βιβλίο του Ben Dupré από τις εκδόσεις Διόπτρα συγκεντρώνει τις 50 πιο σπουδαίες ιδέες που άλλαξαν το ρου της Ιστορίας, γραμμένο με απλουστευμένο τρόπο, απευθυνόμενο και σε αναγνώστες που δε γνωρίζουν καθόλου για αυτές. Τα παραδείγματα, οι ιστορίες, αλλά και η χρονολογική σειρά που παρατίθενται σε καθεμιά απ’ αυτές βοηθούν τον αναγνώστη να τις κατανοήσει καλύτερα αλλά και να απομνημονεύσει στοιχεία ευκολότερα.
Αρχαία φιλοσοφία, πολιτική, θρησκείες, οικονομία, επιστήμη, χάος, θετικές επιστήμες αναλύονται τόσο κατανοητά στις 215 σελίδες αυτού του βιβλίου. Χρυσός Κανόνας, Ανεκτικότητα, Τιμωρία, Φονταμενταλισμός, Εκκοσμίκευση, δημιουργισμός, πόλεμος, καθήκον, ουτοπία, πολυπολιτισμικότητα, κλασσικισμός, μοντερνισμός, λογοκρισία, εξέλιξη, γαία, χάος, bing bang, κβαντομηχανική είναι μερικές από τις ιδέες που αναλύονται.
Αξιοσημείωτη είναι η γενική γνώση που αποτυπώνεται στον αναγνώστη:
Αλήθεια, ξέρετε ποιος είναι ο Γουέλες Κράουθερ, του οποίου η ιστορία συνοδεύει το κεφάλαιο του Αλτρουισμού; Ή τί έλεγε ο Πάτρικ Χένρι για την ελευθερία; Τίνων αρχηγός ήταν ο Τζέραρντ Γουινστάνλεϊ; Γιατί ο Νικολά Σαρκοζί αναφέρεται στο κεφάλαιο της πολυπολιτισμικότητας; Ποια ιδέα συμπυκνώνεται στην ατάκα «μια ταξική σύνθεση Αριστεράς και Δεξιάς»; Τι ήταν ο παραισθησιογόνος τορεαντόρ που αναφέρεται στο κεφάλαιο σουρεαλισμός; Μια ήταν η πρώτη σκέψη του Έντουαρντ Λόρεντζ που αναφέρεται στο κεφάλαιο Χάος; Αυτά και πολλά ακόμα θα βρει κανείς σε αυτό το συνοπτικό γλωσσάρι θα μπορούσαμε να το πούμε των σημαντικότερων ιδεών. Να μην παραλείψουμε να αναφέρουμε πως κάθε κεφάλαιο κλείνει με μια πρόταση, στην οποία συμπυκνώνεται το νόημα και η κεντρική ιδέα του κάθε ορισμού.
«Ο ασφαλέστερος γενικός χαρακτηρισμός της ευρωπαϊκής φιλοσοφικής παράδοσης είναι ότι αποτελείται από μια σειρά υποσημειώσεις στον Πλάτωνα».
This was a pretty instant buy for me. My milage tells me that EVERYTHING is more complicated than you think it is and it’s all too easy to think you know something that you don’t really know.
01 Platonism—It makes me wonder if the seemingly universal idea that there is an absolute truth or lie, fair or unfair, right and wrong is somehow steming from this. It seems obvious to me that it’s not at all valid or constant and is entirely dependent upon it’s context and yet again and again stupid people insist they somehow they know ‘obvious’ and absolute ‘facts’. Flying in the face of all reality! How did this happen? What it is that Platonism caused it by somehow being so imbedded in multiple cultures over great time spans? 02 Aristotelianism—The beginning of the scientific methods. 03 The golden rule…—Do unto others…unless you’re a jerk. 04 Altruism—Even doing for others is only done to make you feel good about yourself. 05 Liberty—[…] nor George W. Bush, who vowed 40 years later that his ‘war on terror’ would bring ‘an age of liberty here and across the world’.
How’s that working out for you a-hole?
”The abuse and torture of prisoners by US military personnel at Abu Ghraib in Iraq and the detention and treatment of so-called ‘enemy combatants’ at Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, are merely the latest examples of the tired claim that liberty’s best defenders is illiberality.”
06 Tolerance—Unless you know better how people should live. 07 Scepticism—We can’t ever really know anything. Deal with it. 08 Reason—Governed by emotions? Or not. 09 Punishment—What is it good for? 10 Materialism—Is it objectively real or only real in relation to our perceptions? 11 Relativism—Is the claim that all claims are relative itself relative? 12 Utilitarianism—The red pill? Or the blue pill? 13 Existentialism—The universe is indifferent to our aspirations, and this is the cause of the inevitable existential anxiety. 14 Evil—At the very least, it is a challenge to use God’s known views to construct an acceptable and internally coherent moral system. 15 Fate—Destiny: a tyrant’s authority for crime and a fool’s excuse for failure. 16 Soul—The ghost in the machine. 17 Faith—Faith is one of the world’s great evils, comparable to the small pox virus but harder to eradicate. 18 Fundamentalism—”Fundamentalists are not friends of democracy… Every fundamentalist movement I’ve studied in Judaism, Christianity and Islam is convinced at some gut, visceral level that secular liberal society wants to wipe out religion.” Amen. 19 Atheism—Such a being is, by definition, beyond our experience and beyond any experience we might conceivably have, and talk of it is litetrally nonsense. 20 Secularism—…the only freedom (if any) generally allowed to religious minorities was the ‘freedom’ to go elsewhere. Much of this situation has persisted to this day. 21 Creationism—Intelligent design is not a genuine scientific theory and, therefore, has no place in the curriculum of our nation’s public school science classes.
Way too many of these ideas are simply ‘God or not?’. Which seems pointless. If God=Yes, you don’t need an idea in your head, God will take care of it. If God=No, then all these ‘big ideas’ are stupid and you can probably fill your brain with something more useful.
22 War—All war represents a failure of diplomacy. 23 Duty—In real life, things are rarely, if ever, as simple or stark as this. 24 Utopia—The human mind is inspired enough when it comes to inventing horrors; it is when it tries to invent a Heaven that it shows itself cloddish. 25 Liberalism—Liberalism is trust of the people tempered by prudence. Conservatism is distrust of the people tempered by fear. 26 Democracy—A pathetic belief in the collective wisdom of individual ignorance. 27 Convervatism—The principle of Conservatism … destroys what it lives, because it will not mend it. 28 Imperialism—Take up the White Man’s burden… To serve your captives’ need 29 Nationalism—Patriotism is a lively sense of collective responsibility. Nationalism is a silly cock crowing on its own dunghill.
Yeah, so you love the country you were born and raised in. Aren’t you special.
30 Multiculturalism—E pluribus unum 31 The social contract—If you feed enough oats to the horse, some will pass through to feed the sparrows. 32 Republicanism—According to republican thinking […], the essential quality […] was a willingness to step forward in the service of he state and place the common good before any selfish or partisan interests. 33 Communism—It is as wholly wrong to blame Marx for what was done in his name, as it is to blame Jesus for what was done in his. 34 Fascism—The countries that fell prey to fascist regimes saw themselves as victims of weak and incompetent government at home and of a malevolent conspiracy of forces abroad. 35 Racism—I refuse to accept the view that mankind is so tragically bound to the starless midnight of racism and war that the bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood can never become a reality. 36 Feminism—Let woman share the rights, and she will emulate the virtues of man… 37 Islamism—In many respects, both before and after 9/11, the response of the Western powers, and of the USA in particular, to the perceived ‘Islamic threat’ has tended to confirm the suspicions of Muslims, radical and moderate alike. 38 Capitalism—The fortunate must not be restrained in the exercise of tyranny over the unfortunate. 39 Globalization—World population of obese adults set to reach 700 million (2015) 40 Classicism—According to these rules, a play’s action was limited to a single plot and a single place and was restricted to a span of 24 hours. 41 Romanticism—Classicism is health, Romanticism is disease. 42 Modernism—Make it New. 43 Surrealism—The simplest Surrealist act consists of dashing down into the street, pistol in hand, and firing blindly…
I’ve got to say that Classicism, Romanticism, Modernism and Surrealismdo not seem like ‘big ideas’ that anyone other than art majors need to know and the sixteen pages did nothing to convince me otherwise.
44 Censorship—There is no such thing as a moral book or an immortal book. Books are well written or badly written. That is all. 45 Evolution—I am almost convinced… that species are not (it is like confessing to a murder) immutable… 46 Gaia—The implication is that the Earth is likely to survive, however badly we treat it, but that its survival does not necessarily include us. 47 Chaos—Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas? 48 Relativity—When a man sits with a pretty girl for an hour, it seems like a minute. But let him sit on a hot stove for a minute and it’s longer than any hour. That’s relativity. 49 Quantum Mechanics—The indeterminacy that we observe in nature is fundamental. 50 The Big Bang—The Big Bang, having so far rebuffed all major challeners, remains the cornerstone of modern cosmology.
There is also a handy glossary at the end which is quite informative.
So at the end of the idea they were interesting ideas. As you can see I felt that not all of them were ‘big’ but most of them were and I’m glad I read this book.
I can be a little dry but each idea is only 4 pages so nothing brain-busting.
I’d recommend it if you are interested - actually I’d recommend it even if you aren’t interested. This book will give you a broad understanding of things that will come up in conversation.
I’m giving this 4 stars. It does what it says on the tin and ought to be must-reading in schools and beyond.
I don’t think I’ll keep it because it’s not really a ‘reference’ book, but I am glad I read it.
I couldn't finish it. I got to the first "Big Idea" and the way it is written was super difficult to follow. I went into reading this book thinking that it would explain things thoroughly and be more simplistic to follow. In my opinion, it seems like it's written by someone who thinks they know more than their talking about, but really doesn't have any clue. They are trying way too hard. This is definitely not a book to read casually. I would recommend this to someone who is serious about the topics and wants to hear someone else's opinion on them.
An average read: while the array of topics from politics, to philosophy, science and religion/spirituality does seem compelling; the author has a limited and eminently biased view towards all topics, hence limiting exposure to the anecdotes and people he talks about. However, it is helpful for the 1-2 line summaries of definitions (e.g. liberalism as 'freedom of the individual' and conservatism as 'change not only for change's sake') which would be helpful to drop into conversations as necessary.
It is nothing special as a piece of reading. The 50 "ideas" are well structured but the information provided is too mainstream and not really captivating and interesting. The opinions for most of the "ideas" are too biased and one-sided. The examples and thoughts that are provided are mostly from the same people and follow the same baseline without diversity of opinions.
A good book to have an holistic view at the major ideas that have shaped the world written in a crisp, plain and easy to understand format. Dupre is at his element.
Good - not great. The trouble with this book is excessive brevity. In trying to give a broad overview on some ideas it can sometimes drift into giving excessively vague and wishy-washy answers. In my view, it would be much better if compressed to 25 ideas better developed (or if the book was longer).
Aside from the vagueness, it's mostly a really good introduction to lots of schools of thought. I would certainly pick it up for any beginner philosophy students. For me, there was an excess of focus of ideas I didn't feel belonged in the book (Astrophysics and History of Art in particular). I definitely learnt some new things and it provided a great springboard to go and find out about other topics that I had greater interest in.
For those who want an introduction to Philosophical topics, the "Very Short Introduction" series are typically better in this in my view.
I've read better philosophy books but it's not bad at all.
Good book for those who want to get knowledgeable about political and philosophical ideas, literature and art movements and some cornerstone science pieces. I liked the fact that in four pages you can get the birth and the evolution of the ideas, with references to the current situation. The language with which the book has been written made it difficult to digest though, which clashes with the intention to appeal to "beginner thinkers". Sometimes little digressions coming from the author's bias also unsettled the narration.
Buenazo. Igual lo empece como hace 1 año quizas y recien ahora lo termino, pero por eso está bueno porque lo podes levantar, leer un tema, y dejarlo de nuevo (no sería la idea de todos modos...). Ninguna idea es totalmente completa completa por si misma, pero sirven como base disparadora para seguir investigando sobre lo que a cada uno le va interesando. Y lo que no interesa tanto, te lo salteás sin problema.
It has a very brief description of matters related to politics, science, etc, I thought it was a description of those matters from start to finish (meaning, how they started) that everyone could pick it up easily, but it isn't, many things are explained hopping for the reader to know a lot of concepts :(
Сјајан пример прегледне литературе у којој је на по четири стране релативно једноставним језиком описано 50 заиста великих идеја из области филозофије, науке, религије, економије и уметности. Препорука за оне које желе само да се упознају са овим темама, или да се укратко подсете онога што већ знају.
Bagus untuk orang macam aku yang memang pernah dengar atau baca idea-idea tersebut sekali lalu, tapi buku ini menerangkan secara ringkas tentang idea-idea tersebut. Diletakkan juga sejarah bermulanya idea-idea tersebut dan perkaitan antara beberapa idea yang diterangkan.
A general book about everything and without going into details. Probably useful for beginners on the topics covered. Totally useless for people that read a lot on philosophy, economics, religion, political sciences.
It contains 50 important ideas that we all should know and tries to explain them in the best possible way given the limited space. Politics, philosophy, religion, economics, science and art are covered. it's a good introduction. For me it was a little boring at times due to the writing style. It could have ben better.
very good, made me ponder and discover topics of all matters. I sincerely liked most the philosophy and science (although he didn't talked as I wanted about it). I really liked the concepts about politics religion and arts. This book opened my mind to new areas of knowledge.
By reading this book you can discover a broad spectrum of the most prominent ideas in philosophy. Every idea in this book works as a trigger for in depth exploration about a certain issue. The description of each idea is written in consize and realtively easy to understand way.
Αρκετά ενδιαφέρον και αρκετά καλή προσπάθεια από μεριάς του συγγραφέα να εξηγήσει περιπλοκές ιδέες μονάχα σε τέσσερις σελίδες. Μην αναμένετε βάθος, είναι απλά 50 μικρές εισαγωγές 50 Μεγάλων Ιδεών.