A History Of Venice

by John Julius Norwich

John Julius Norwich's dazzling history of Venice from its origins to its eighteenth century fall. 'Lord Norwich has loved and understood Venice as well as any other Englishman has ever done. He has put readers of his generation more in his debt than any other English writer' - Peter Levi, "The Sunday Times".

Genres: History, Nonfiction, Italy, European History, Cities, Renaissance, Travel

673 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1977

About the author

John Julius Norwich was an English historian, writer, and broadcaster known for his engaging books on European history and culture. The son of diplomat and politician Duff Cooper and socialite Lady Diana Manners, he received an elite education at Eton, Strasbourg, and Oxford, and served in the Foreign Service before dedicating himself to writing full-time.
He authored acclaimed works on Norman Sicily, Venice, Byzantium, the Mediterranean, and the Papacy, as well as popular anthologies like Christmas Crackers. He was also a familiar voice and face in British media, presenting numerous television documentaries and radio programs. A champion of cultural heritage, he supported causes such as the Venice in Peril Fund and the World Monuments Fund.
Norwich’s wide-ranging output, wit, and accessible style made him a beloved figure in historical writing.

Reviews

[WarpDrive · Rating 5 out of 5]

PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEUS


I have always loved Venice, with an intense passion that I have never felt for any other place.
Venice is one of whose very few special cities where the soul of the receptive visitor can full immerse itself into the magic of almost two thousand years of Her proud and unique history, breath Her melancholic beauty and fall in love with Her special atmosphere; Venice is a special place, inviting introspective contemplation while aimlessly meandering, after dusk, in the embrace of the enveloping mists of a winter evening... when time itself seems to have stopped, and when the silence is broken only by occasional footsteps and the tranquil ripple of the water.






Experiencing Venice in Her true nature is a deep, intensely personal experience – no wonder Venice was a mandatory part of the “Grand Tour”, the educational rite of passage of young upper-class gentlemen that flourished from 1660 until the mid 19-th century. No wonder many men of art and intellect found the city a constant fountain of inspiration throughout the centuries, and fell in love with Her.




It is sad how many visitors, in this age of mass tourism and gigantic cruise ships, do not even begin to understand and appreciate what this city is about, and Her very peculiar culture and history.
But I must say that the author absolutely gets what Venice is about; he understand Her much better than the large majority of foreigners who have ever written about the city, and actually better than many Italians, who too often fail to appreciate how profoundly different Venice is (historically, culturally, even aesthetically) from the rest of the country.

The author does repeatedly highlight the beauty and uniqueness of the city, towards which his passion transpires constantly, but he is also very good at providing a multi-faceted, riveting, intriguing and academically brilliant history of the city. He manages to condense, in a single book, all the main events and trends of the very complex history of a city that played an important role in European history – not a mean feat indeed, especially considering that there are very few mistakes and very few inaccurate generalizations.
The early history of the city feels somewhat hurried and it could have been developed to better detail, but overall the books seems quite balanced. I would have liked more space allocated to the architectural and cultural history of the city, but I guess that this would have had to come at the expense of the general political and social history of the Republic - which would not have been easy considering the limited space available within a single book with such a wide and ambitious scope.
Overall, the author's writing style, only very occasionally dry, often conversational, and occasionally even lyrical, keeps the reader's attention quite high - only very occasionally the book reads like a dry series of events and dates.

As the author beautifully says, "however majestic the churches, however magnificent the palazzi, however dazzling the pictures, the ultimate masterpiece remains Venice itself". Very true, but there is much more to Venice than the outstanding and special beauty of Her architecture, Her remarkable natural environment, the sweetness and wholesome sensuality of Her music as represented by the likes of Vivaldi, or the timeless serenity and confident luminosity of Cananetto's paintings: Venice is also a remarkably unique polity, whose history starkly distinguishes Her from any other political entity in history.
Venice was the commercial and cultural crossroad between East and West, the most Byzantine city in Western Christendom, as visible for example by contemplating both the exterior and the interior of the stunning Saint Mark's Basilica.


Venice was the mistress of the Mediterranean for the most part of its history (supported by an amazingly efficient shipbuilding industry, capable of turning out fully-equipped warships at the rate of one every few hours); a remarkably efficient, tolerant, broadly based, secular oligarchy based on commonsensical principles of commerce and wealth, never falling into the traps of religious fanaticism or autocratic principles (as opposed to what much of Europe repeatedly experienced throughout its history).
A proudly independent, stable republic for over 1000 years, whose political stability, never seriously shaken by Her occasional political, military or commercial reversals, or the occasional internecine strife of Her oligarchic elites, continued to be the envy and wonder of the civilized world. While in Europe the feudal nobility remained haughtily aloof from trade, in Venice there never was a separate military caste: the nobles were merchants, the merchants nobles, and the interests of both were identical.



The author is very good at highlighting the peculiar structure of the Republican government and of its social fabric, and the progressive evolution of her political structures into a very complex polity with an incredibly sophisticated system of checks and balances; while famous for its stability, the Republic was not immutable, and the author is very good at highlighting these continuous and progressive changes dictated by internal as well as external pressures.
The competing and immense pressures on the Venetian government coming from the major international players in Italian and European politics, and the many instances where these required very difficult decisions by the Venetian authorities, are vividly and skillfully represented by the author, whose riveting narrative deftly and brilliantly navigates through the complexity of European politics, and in particular through the maddeningly complex Italian politics of the Machiavelli Renaissance Italy.

Venice was famed for her wealth and her progressive attitudes to many aspects of social life: Venetians have always loved life, and were always famous for their deeply aesthetic sensibility and a relaxed attitude to social customs.


Apart from the notoriously beautiful and skillful courtesans providing services to locals and visitors alike, Venice was, for example, also famous for founding the first national health service in Europe, if not the world.

Venice was tolerant of all religious philosophies, for as long as they did not threaten the stability of the state, and the freedom of the press was quite wide. Almost 200 printing presses were operating in Venice by the end of the 15th century – around one fourth of the total European production.

As the author correctly highlights, Venice interest in the Crusades did not entail any religious crusading fervour: Venetians were interested in the Crusades only in so far as they opened up new commercial opportunities. Ideology never played any significant part in Venice political stance and decisions to engage in war and territorial expansion: the main drivers were pragmatically based on development of commerce and wealth. This was also the case for the infamous 4th crusade, when Venice played a significant role in the capture of Constantinople: one of the darkest moment of Western Christendom and of Venice itself, all the more bitterly upsetting if we consider that Venice was the child of Byzantium, and had in the past, and in many cases, supported Byzantium with Her fleet. It must be said that the author is very balanced in presenting all the negative repercussions of the 4th Crusade, and the ruthlessness of the policies pursued by Venice, but also in highlighting the short and long term reasons why Venice decided to embark on such course of action.

It is however one of those deep ironies of history that Venice, having contributed to the demise of the Byzantine Empire, then had to confront, partially as a result of it, the full power of the Turkish expansion into Europe, which she then critically contributed to contain in events such as the symbolically important Battle of Lepanto of 1571.



On the other hand, while Venice contributed significantly to the containment of the Turkish menace in Europe, She was no favorite child of the Pope. On the contrary, she had always a pretty testy, if not openly conflictual, relationship with the Papacy – it might even be claimed that it was one of the first examples of secular states in Europe: the Church was kept rigidly in its place, its duties and powers exclusively pastoral, and barred from the slightest interference in affairs of state: bishops were elected by the Venetian Senate, not by Rome. Venice received Papal interdictions more than once, in Her long history, because of Her fierce independence from the Papacy.
The Papal interdiction of 1606 gained the following reply from the Venetian government: “We ignore your excommunication: it is nothing to us”. It is noteworthy that, after the successful Venetian defiance of such interdiction, no more interdiction was ever to be raised by the Papacy against any other European state.
This complex relationship between Venice and the Papacy is represented by the author with balance and accuracy, even though it must be said that the author's sympathy for the Venetian position is quite clear. The complex relationship between Venice and the Turks is also represented by the author with remarkable balance and detail, where the intermingling of political, commercial and military aspects is highlighted with lucidity and precision.
The author does not fail to highlight that there was no particular religious nor ideological consideration in driving the relationship of Venice with both the Papacy and the Turks: Venice never burnt an heretic, and it always maintained that moderate, humanist outlook which had sprung from the Renaissance. She had synagogues, Greek Orthodox churches, an Armenian church monastery, and a Muslim mosque.
Below is a picture of the Celebration of Sunday of Orthodoxy in Venice held in 2011:


It is probably another of those ironies of history that the Venetian Republic was killed by the supposed representatives of the Age of Reason, whose values she had implemented in so many instances – the revolutionary French armies lead by Napoleon. By that time, however, she was already a tired old lady, whose heavy make-up could not hide the devastating results of the obsolescence of her shipbuilding techniques, the deterioration of her social fabric, her commercial decline due to the significantly altered trade flows (and the resulting marginality of her geographical location) and the competition of Northern European powers. The author does not fail to highlight these major elements contributing to the decay of Venice, however I would have liked an analysis in more depth of this latest period of Venetian history.

To me, however, as to many people who appreciate Her, Venice is still a timelessly beautiful, elegant, fascinating if somewhat moody and elusive lady with an amazing and unique history – an history represented with empathy, skill, competence and passion by this gifted author - a passion which I wholeheartedly share - Venice will always be the beautiful Queen of the Sea


Highly recommended (4.5 stars rounded up to 5) - especially if you are lucky enough to be planning a visit to this enchanting city.

[Andrew · Rating 5 out of 5]

A History of Venice, by John Julius Norwich, is an in-depth analysis of the history of the Republic of Venice from inception to its eclipse and demise. Venice came together around the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, as refugees from various Italian cities found themselves fleeing an onslaught of German and Hun invaders. As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, they found refuge amongst the lagoons of modern Venice, an ideal and strategic location that would serve the fledgling city well throughout its history. Successive waves of immigrants began to turn the area into a city, and soon, with the blessing of the Eastern Emperor, Venice emerged as a political entity with close relations to the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Venice was an ideal trading location, with easy access to the Adriatic Sea, highly defensible, and in a good location to act as a middleman between Western Europe and the Mediterranean world. This focus on trade would characterize the Republic as it began to turn itself from a small city state in Italy (one of many) into a trading Empire able to go toe-to-toe with any European power.

The Venetian Republic began to take shape for various reasons, mostly of self-interest. When pirates on the Dalmatian coast of modern Croatia began to make trouble for Venetian merchants (and thus Byzantine shipping as well) the Venetian, with the blessings of the Eastern Roman Empire, attacked and annexed some islands on the Dalmatian coast. These made good stopover points for Venetian merchants heading to Greece, and offered strategic timber resources to build up Venice's powerful merchant fleet. Venice began to play off interests in Italy as well, supporting Italian city states against each other, but largely remaining aloof to getting involved in Italian politics. This saved the Republic from the growing despotic aspects of many Italian city states (such as Milan and Florence), while allowing it to remain on the winning side of a conflict. Venice's merchant marine soon became a source of income outside of trading, as Venice began to ferry troops to take part in overseas conflicts, and especially in Crusades. Venice was a key mercenary-like participant in many crusades, and soon began to build an Empire of trading posts in Egypt, the Levant, Anatolia and Greece. These came as rewards for services rendered (for example, a district of Acre from the Crusader states as a reward for ferrying troops), or through outright aggression on Her part (the many Greek islands taken from the Eastern Empire in the Fourth Crusade, for example). On top of this, Venice began to take land on the Italian peninsula to shore up its defense of the Venetian lagoon. Verona, Treviso, Padua, Fruili and parts of Lombardy would all fall to Venetian arms as it began to take part in the turmoil of Renaissance Italian politics. Enemies could quickly become friends as Allies began to back-stab, and all the Italian states engaged in Machiavellian maneuvers to gain territory and defeat rising threats. Venice in its history was under indirect from the Pope many times, and would often switch allegiances in order to gain more territory. Venice also jealously guarded its salt monopoly along the Po river, and would go to war with any who tried to cash in on this lucrative trade.

Outside of Italy, Venice fought to defend and enlarge its colonial possessions. Venice turned against its one-time patron, the Eastern Roman Empire, as its power began to crumble. Venice annexed key islands of the Peloponnese, created ducal possessions out of the Naxos islands, annexed a chain of ports and fortresses down the Adriatic coast - in modern day Albania, Montenegro and Greece, and fought to defend her trading privileges in the Empire. She went into a deadly grudge match against rival Mercantile republic Genoa, which had taken territory in the islands of Chios and Lesbos, and owned the peninsula opposite Constantinople, along with a section of the city itself. Venice fought hard to take on the Genoese, and although looking dicey for a while, ultimately came out triumphant. She even managed to take over the Eastern Empire's remnants briefly, creating the short lived Venetian puppet, the Latin Empire during the complete mess called the Fourth Crusade, where Christian forces never even ended up leaving Europe, and instead fought for spoils with other Christian states in Greece. Hungary was a perennial rival, and Venice fought hard to retain her control over the Dalmatian coast, at times enlarging it, and at times losing it altogether. Venice also briefly annexed Cyprus in an act of political brinkmanship that was as impressive as it was ruthless.

Venice began to eclipse in the late 15th century, as jealous Italian rivals, a hostile papacy, and growing powers in France and Spain began to covet her Italian possessions. On the colonial front, Venice was constantly harried and eventually usurped in her Mediterranean possessions by the onslaught of military adventurism known as the Ottoman Empire. Her possessions in the Peloponnese, the Balkans and, finally, her crown jewel of Crete, were all lost over a period of time. On the land front, Venice's possessions were frayed away by hostile French/Milanese forces, by the Pope in Rome, and by the growing power of Austria. On top of this, the colonization of North America, and the use of alternate trade routes to Asia around the Horn of Africa, made the caravan routes that Venice relied upon to monopolize luxury imports irrelevant. Portugal and the Netherlands became the new clearing houses of Europe, and Italy began to wax into obscurity. Venice would remain a fledgling regional power until her lands in Italy were gobbled up by first French, then Austrian forces.

Norwich has written an excellent and in-depth history of the Venetian Republic, an interesting state that focused on trade, and maintained a solid oligarchic system of governance for many hundreds of years, resisting the allure of despotism and monarchical rule that shattered Italian city states during the Renaissance. Norwich goes through its long and storied history by Doge, listing the current ruler, his achievements, and the wider political context of what was happening to Venice. He also adds the construction of the city and its fabulous architecture in this account, mentioning when specific churches, monuments and public works were completed and why. This is certainly an excellent book to read on the Venetian Republic, both for those interested in the state itself, and those interested in wider Republican political theory. Venice went through the ringer throughout its history, and there is a lot to learn about Republican systems from its trials and tribulations throughout its centuries long history. A great read, and easily recommended.

[Elliott Bignell · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is another one of those books that I left on the shelf for an outrageous length of time, fearing that if I picked it up I might drop it and thus kill the cat. It's 673 pages long, including indices, and a close type at that. Once I finally ran out of new excuses for keeping it in my backlog, I basically inhaled the entire content in one, three-week-long draught. It just shows how expectations can confound. Norwich looks like the kind of work with which one beats off intruders, but it was, in fact, a joy to read.

I have skirted around Venice for several years now, but if you are interested in the history of the Mediterranean, of Byzantium, of piracy or of Islam - and I am interested in all of these - there comes a time when you can no longer use this work as a doorstop. Norwich is one of the standard works in the English language. The fact that it was also a pleasure to read came as an additional bonus.

Norwich is a little prone to the deformity of many history writers in that he tends to concentrate on rulers, successions and power struggles and says much less about, for instance, the health, diet and labour of the common woman. However, this bias does not run to exclusion, and it would probably have been impossible to write of Venice without discussing its trade and shipping. In any case, where Venice is concerned the political history is more interesting than it would normally be, as la Serenissima happened to be one of the Big Three key Republics of history, as I see it, coming between Rome and the USA and bringing more continuity to the idea of the Republic than I had previously considered.

Venice in Norwich's words cannot fail to appeal. In being so coldly acquisitive a mercantile power, it mostly managed to avoid partaking of the atrocities of the Middle and Late Middle Ages simply because they were bad for business. The notorious exception, Venice's role in the rape of Constantinople, Norwich manages to place in a less negative perspective, as Constantinople herself had not long before indulged in an orgy of persecution of Western Christians far more grave than the looting to which the Crusaders subjected her, and the looting was in any case much the work of Northern European mercenaries and the Franks. Still, it was Venice that turned the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople and she must bear ultimate responsibility. Norwich seeks to apologise, but the stain remains.

Otherwise, Venice seems in all respects extraordinary and admirable. Sometimes weak, true, it was forever caught in struggles with the Lombards, French and Turks, the Milanese and Genoese which it did not always manage well. Obsessed with keeping a dynasty or a tyranny from arising, it political system was excessively complex and prone to elect ineffectual and exceedingly old doges. Still, it worked. Business was free to prosper, while the reins of serious power were kept in the hands of the state. In particular, the merchants as much as the military enjoyed the services of shipyards which were nationalised and standardised to a level of productivity where at their height, when timber could be still taken for granted, they could produce a galleon per day and recover from the most injurious naval reverses in mere months.

One revelation from this book was that it was Napoleon that finally ended the days of Venice as a Republic. Another is that Venice was, originally, a Greek city in the sphere of influence of Orthodoxy. (Although if you know Italy, you'll understand that no region is truly "Italian", as the nation is a modern confection.) Possibly most interesting, however, is the previously missed realisation that it was not merely Islam's decline that was heralded with Vasco de Gama's forging of a Cape route to the East. I had long credited this with removing the Muslim world from the hub of trade and thus of history. The fact is, however, that Venice was equally hurt, and never thereafter regained her full glory. The Mediterranean, increasingly, did not matter, and a hinge of history turned to render the Atlantic the new hub. Spain and Britain rose, and the Americas began to bend the rubber sheet of the world with their gravity. Thus has Norwich added a key new understanding to my admittedly poor grasp of historical contingency.

Norwich is also responsible for perpetrating the monumental three-volume work on Byzantium. It looks like it will be my next port of call after Venice.

[Simon Jones · Rating 5 out of 5]

If I could have super powers, I'd be able to read books as fast as Johnny Five from Short Circuit and write them as beautifully as John Julius Norwich. Loved every page of this sumptuous romp through a thousand years of history; effortlessly learning a great deal in the process. Venice is at the heart of a great many pivotal events of the Middle Ages and on the periphery of many more. To see the era from the Venetian perspective is to get a different take on it; one that is more hard nosed and practical against the crusading fervour, grand-standing imperialism and dogmatic intolerance of Venice's neighbours. I emerged from reading the book with a profound respect for a city state which survived for a thousand years without being conquered by an enemy or burning a heretic and which despite valuing the blessings of peace and trade more than most, nevertheless enjoyed a share of glory.
Stonking - frankly.

[happy · Rating 4 out of 5]

In this one of Professor Norwich's fairly early narratives, copywrited in 1982, he has written a very reader friendly look at the history of Venice, from its earliest beginnings as a place of refuge for people fleeing the collapse of the Western Roman Empire through to its ending at the hands of Napoleon. In telling the tale of Venice, the author focuses on the political/economic history of the City state that at one time boasted it ruled a quarter and a half of the Eastern Roman Empire.

In telling the story the author looks at the pivotal events of her 1000 yrs of independence. These include the 4th Crusade's sacking of Constantinople, the rivalry with Genoa and Milan for dominance in Northern Italy and the trading routes with the East, the Battle of Lepanto, as well as the final fall of Venice. His opinion of the effect of Lepanto does not conform to the accepted view point. Her struggle with the Pope and her relative religious tolerance is also told. At one point Professor Norwich states that Venice of all the states in Western Europe was the only one not to burn anyone for heresy.

While generally a favorable and admiring look at Venice and what she accomplished. The author does not shy away from laying blame at Venice’s feet for one of the biggest disasters to befall medieval Christendom – the fall of Constantinople in 1453. He lays her fall squarely at the feet of Venice. He writes,

“The real death blow had been struck not in 1453, but in 1205 when the Latin armies of the 4th Crusade had ravage and plundered their way through Constantinople…For this tragedy, from which Byzantium had rallied, but never recovered, the Venetians were primarily responsible. Theirs were the ships; theirs was the initiative, the leadership and the driving force. Theirs too was most of the profit and much of the plunder; and theirs, at the time of the final catastrophe, must be the blame.”

I don’t know if I fully agree with this sentiment – I think the loss at Manzikret in 1071 sealed the fate of Eastern Empire, a point Professor Norwich himself makes in his later history of the Byzantine Empire. His take on the effects of probably the greatest naval battle of the middle ages is also at odds with the accepted wisdom. He feels that while a great tactical victory, strategically it really didn’t change much. Venice was already in decline and the Ottomans were about at the maximum territory they could control. Also Venice didn’t gain anything from the victory. In fact a couple of years after the battle she accepted a treaty with the Ottomans that she could have 3 yrs before the battle was fought. She also didn’t regain any of her lost possessions – specifically Cyprus and within 50 yrs lost control of Crete.

The author also makes some observations about the Venetian character and how it changed over the years. It went from a hard driving, entrepreneurial, willing to take risks for both the glory of Venice and personal gain to by 100 yrs after Lepanto, “The old public spirit evaporated, The Venetians were growing soft. Wealth had led to luxury, luxury to idleness, and idleness to inertia, even when the state itself was threatened.”
He also looks at her unique form of government and how she managed to avoid becoming dominated by one family. Some of the stories of the various Doges are really fascinating. Quite a few were quite old when elected, many over 80! In seems in the author’s opinion some of the oldest Doges were some of the best to serve the Republic.

Norwich’s opinion of Venice is summed in the final paragraph of the narrative

“And so, as one studies the domestic history of Venice, the more inescapable does the conclusion become; by whatever political standards she is judged, she compares favorably with any nation in Christendom - except maybe her final dotage. Nowhere did men live more happily; nowhere did they enjoy more freedom from fear. Venetians were fortunate indeed. Disenfranchised they might be; they were never downtrodden. Although, being human they might complain of their government, not once in all their history did they ever rise up against it... They worked hard...; they,..., knew how to enjoy themselves with style and panache; and the lived out their lives in a city even more beautiful...than what we know today.

This is an excellent read; I can’t really understand how it escaped me till now. 4.25 stars rounded down for good reads

[Lily · Rating 3 out of 5]

proud of myself for getting through this. though long and dense and at times dizzying with the dearth of similar-sounding doge names, this managed to captivate me. i went into this knowing very little about venice and in truth, only picked this up in preparation for my trip to italy later this year. to be honest, i’m not sure if i feel any more connected to venice after reading this; the author, while certainly not dry, leaves a distance between the reader and the character of venice without necessarily leaving out any essential details. though rich with descriptions of the city and examples of festivities, i could never quite put myself in the shoes of a venetian, but maybe that will change once i see the city for myself. but what is so clear is that this book was written from a place of love, which is perhaps why i read on and on. mostly though, this brought be back to high school, sitting in a classroom listening to my professor talk about ancient and medieval and early modern european history. it’s a time when i was falling more in love with the subject, so to be able to a) learn about historical events that were skipped over for the sake of brevity back then and b) see events that i was familiar with from a new perspective, was just incredibly gratifying to me. so moral of the story, this is a good book tor read if you’re curious about venice and/or an insane person who feels that reading about history is life-affirming. 3.5/5

[Andrew Reece · Rating 5 out of 5]

British Historian John Julius Norwich Chronicles The Thousand-Year History Of The Most Serene Republic Of Venice.

This clothbound hardcover edition of A History of Venice was published in 2007 by the London-based Folio Society which specializes in premium editions of books from all genres. The 585 page main text is split into 46 chapters which are themselves grouped into 4 parts, & also contains 75 outstanding full-color photographs of breathtaking Venetian art & architecture. There are also maps of the Central & Eastern Mediterranean, Northern Italy, the Venetian Lagoon, Venice by 1400 & Venice by 1800, as well as a list of doges, a bibliography & an index located at the back of the volume. In Great Britain, A History of Venice was originally released in 2 separate entries: Venice, the Rise to Empire was published in 1977 & contains parts I & II -- The Barbarian Invasions to the Fourth Crusade & The Imperial Expansion, & 4 years later, in 1981, the second volume was released, Venice, the Greatness & the Fall, which incorporates parts III & IV -- A Power in Europe & Decline & Fall.

The Serene Republic of Venice, also known as the Serenissima, can boast an impressive 1,000 year history as an independent city-state which spans the last portion of the Dark Ages, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Reformation, & the Age of Enlightenment. The maritime city's most important geographic attribute by far is its situation upon an isolated archipelago, located in the midst of a secure saltwater lagoon in northeast Italy at the tip of the Adriatic Sea. These unique conditions proved to be an exceptional environment to foster what came to be among the most lauded governmental systems & the envy of Europe for centuries, giving birth to the idealistic 'myth of Venice', a utopian perception the Serene Republic acquired & slowly cultivated as the years passed. The 'myth of Venice' attitude was predicated upon the concept that Venice possessed the ideal republican form of government & became widely accepted as truth by the rest of Western civilization, but later in its history the multitude of clandestine conspiracies, Byzantine intrigues, & unsuccessful coups d'etat allowed a 'counter-myth of Venice' to take root, which acknowledged the flaws in the intricate system of checks & balances that kept the Venetian state operating at peak efficiency & was closer to the truth.

In the introduction to his sweeping history of the most famous of the maritime republics, A History of Venice, British historian John Julius Norwich fondly recalls a conversation he had as a boy with his father, Sir Alfred Duff Cooper, while on a family vacation in the summer of 1946 : "As we wandered & drifted, my father talked about Venetian history, & I learned that Venice was not just the most beautiful city that I had ever seen; she had been an independent republic for over 1,000 years - longer than the period separating us from the Norman conquest - during much of which she had been mistress of the Mediterranean, the principal crossroads between East & West, the richest & most prosperous commercial centre in the civilized world." He proceeds to limn to his reader his experiences reading various histories of Venice which venture off into the opposing extremes of either being factual & accurate yet boring & unreadable or sacrificing historical veracity for a compelling narrative, neither of which he found to be acceptable, before discussing the challenges & obstacles he encountered while composing his own Venetian chronicle : "This book, then, is an attempt to fill the gap - to tell the whole story of Venice, from her misty beginnings to that sad day for Europe when Doge Lodovico Manin slowly removed his ducal cap & gave it to his secretary, murmuring that he would not be needing it again. The task has not been easy. One of the most intractable problems with which the historian of Venice has to contend is that which stems from the instinctive horror, amounting at times to a phobia, shown by the Republic to the faintest suggestion of the cult of personality. Sooner or later, anyone tackling the subject finds himself looking wistfully across to the terra firma & that superb, swaggering pageant of Medici & Malatesta, Visconti & della Scala, Sforza & Borgia & Gonzaga."

Most readers tend to associate the fall of Constantinople with the famous assault & siege undertaken in 1453 by Mehmet II 'the Conqueror' & the Ottoman Empire, which resulted in the final eclipse of Byzantium & the renaming of its capital city to Istanbul. But in 1203 there was another siege of Constantinople, one which was infinitely more sinister due to the fact that it was conducted against the Byzantines under the auspices of a holy crusade by Christian Latins, among them the Eastern Roman Empire's own vassal state, Venice. Chapter 10, The Shameful Glory tells the remarkably fascinating story of the Fourth Crusade, which was originally conceived as an invasion to wrest control of Muslim-held Alexandria from the Ayyubid Sultanate, but the crusaders, who were led by Boniface of Montferrat & Geoffrey of Villehardouin, needed Venice's vast maritime fleet for transportation across the Mediterranean Sea, & the Venetian doge, Enrico Dandolo, was a skilled negotiator who deftly steered the crusade's direction to better suit the interests of the Serenissima. When the French crusaders could not meet Venice's steep asking price for the army's transport, they were required to make a diversion to the island of Zara, which had rebelled against Venetian rule & was currently under the protection of the king of Hungary. After a convoluted arrangement with a refugee Byzantine emperor, Alexius IV Angelus, the crusade is further diverted into a massive assault on Constantinople, but this information was withheld from the army of crusaders, who still believed their destination to be Alexandria. For a more specialized study of this interesting period in history, the reader is encouraged to try Professor Thomas F. Madden's 2005 Otto Grundler Award-winning Enrico Dandolo & the Rise of Venice, which contains a meticulous accounting of the partition of the Eastern Roman Empire following the sack of the city, & how Dandolo came to assume the title of 'Lord of Three Eighths of the Byzantine Empire'.

The allied European naval force that went on to win the Battle of Lepanto, which occurred in 1571, was the product of a treaty against the Ottoman Empire whose primary signatories consisted of the Kingdom of Spain & the Republic of Venice. By entering into this alliance with the Papacy & Venice, Spain hoped to safeguard its colonies in North Africa by keeping the Ottomans out of the central Mediterranean & away from the Italian Papal States, while Venice's attention was focused on its holdings in the Levant, which, due to their close proximity to the Turkish mainland, were much more vulnerable to attacks & raids. Ottoman morale was high after their conquest of the island of Cyprus from Venetians, whose heavy taxes & exploitation were so unpopular amongst the Cypriot population that many believed that Turkish rule could not possibly be worse than what they had endured with the Serenissima. The Battle of Lepanto was to be the last major naval engagement which was fought between oared galleys & decided by hand-to-hand combat, as henceforth gunpowder & heavy cannon would play a vital role in the outcome of maritime encounters & the weight of the artillery & ammunition onboard meant that the oar could no longer be effectively used for propulsion -- heavy sail would be the only viable alternative. This brief excerpt from John Julius' eloquent appraisal at the end of Chapter 37, Lepanto serves as a poignant epitaph to what is considered one of the great Mediterranean naval battles of the 16th century : "And so Lepanto is remembered as one of the decisive battles of the world, & the greatest naval engagement between Actium & Trafalgar. In England & America, admittedly, its continued fame rests largely on the G.K. Chesterton's thunderous poem, but in the Catholic countries of the Mediterranean it has broken the barriers & passed, like Roncesvalles, into legend. Does it, however, altogether deserve its reputation? Technically & tactically, yes; after 1571 sea battles were never the same."

The labyrinthine governmental machine of the Venetian Republic possessed many vital organs & constituent parts, but none were as powerful or as feared as the Council of Ten. The Ten originally came into being as an emergency institution convened to deal with the political turmoil following in the wake of the failed coup d'état of Bajamonte Tiepolo, which occurred on St. Vitus' Day in 1310. Tiepolo was a dashing, affluent political adventurer whom the populace had dubbed, 'Il Gran Cavaliere', & became a mascot of sorts for a resistance movement against the reigning doge Pietro Gradenigo, & led by prominent members of the Querini & Badoer, two powerful Venetian clans of the old nobility. The Ten were only intended to exist for a maximum of a few months until the political unrest from Tiepolo's unsuccessful revolution had subsided, but they eventually became a permanent apparatus which functioned as a separate entity from the rest of the Venetian bureaucracy, & as time went on they also became much more powerful. In Chapter 38, The Twilight of the Century, John Julius provides a wonderfully eloquent description of what made the Ten such as effective (& respected) ruling body : "The Ten, however, had always remained apart - an illogical, anomalous body with extraordinary powers which, in an emergency, it could use to cut red tape, to by-pass the slow-moving deliberations of the Senate, to take its own decisions & put them immediately into effect. Normal business, political or military, financial or diplomatic, passed through normal channels & was subject to normal reservations & delays; urgent matters, or those demanding extreme secrecy or delicacy of handling, could be passed by the Collegio direct to the Ten, which was authorized to act on its own initiative, to make payments out of clandestine funds, & even to give covert instructions to Venetian diplomats proceeding abroad."

Midway through the narrative John Julius chronicles the fascinating stories of two remarkable Venetian heroines & proves that their harrowing adventures are every bit as exciting as those of their male counterparts. In Chapter 27, The Ferrara War & The Queen of Cyprus, he limns the saga of Caterina Cornero, the daughter of the powerful Venetian nobleman Marco Cornaro, & explains how, due to her father's close relationship with the ruling Lusignan dynasty of Cyprus, she receives a marriage proposal to become the Queen of Cyprus by marrying its would-be king, James of Lusignan. James had seized the throne from his sister, Queen Charlotte, & her spouse Louis of Savoy, but his power was not yet solidified & he needs assistance from the powerful Venetian clans whom had set themselves up on the island, such as the Cornaro. In Chapter 38, The Twilight of the Century, Norwich discusses the tale of Bianca Capello, another Venetian noblewoman who came from a rich family of the old nobility, called the Longhi to separate them from their bitter rivals, the Curti, who were the newer patrician clans, & in 1563 she absconds & flees to Florence with a bank clerk, Pietro Bonaventuri, where she plans to live with her new husband's family. As the author reports: "Her father, outraged, had preferred charges, the Council of Ten had ordered an official inquiry & the Avogadori di Comun had declared the young couple banditi, with a price on their heads." Once established in Florence, however, the young Bianca soon finds that the life of a commoner is not at all to her taste, & she eventually attracts the attention of Francesco de'Medici, the son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo I de'Medici -- & Francesco is already married as well, to Archduchess Eleanor of Austria. The two fall instantly & hopelessly in love, & after Archduchess Eleanor dies in childbirth, they are married on 5 June 1578, & a year later Francesco dispatches an emissary to Venice asking its government to declare his wife an honorary 'Daughter of the Republic', & the Senate, overjoyed at the match's success, happily agrees. Both Caterina Cornaro & Bianca Capello remained steadfastly loyal to their native city, tirelessly utilizing every opportunity they had to promote the Serenissima's interests & ensuring their places in Venetian history. The narrative of A History of Venice is not a simple, straightforward affair -- it is a complex, nuanced chronicle full of depth & dimension, & Norwich is such an accomplished writer that he is able to weave all of the disparate tales & elements together into a breathtaking tapestry of epic proportions -- & his signature eloquent prose is the glue which holds it all together.

John Julius Norwich's A History of Venice is in this reviewer's opinion his best all-around book -- it possesses an epic scope & meticulous attention to detail which ensures it is no cursory chronicle of the Serenissima but an outstandingly nuanced narrative filled with vivid, colorful anecdotes & exquisite political discussions. Perhaps the most impressive aspect of the book is the manner in which Norwich manages to knit everything together with his distinctly prosaic writing style & signature wit. The additional reference notes located at the bottom of each corresponding page are simply dazzling for their comprehensive background history & their compulsive readability -- while perusing them is most certainly ancillary to the main reading experience, they are so very interesting that the reader who passes them up is doing him or herself a disservice by doing so. For books dedicated to the lives & political careers of individual Venetian doges, in addition to Professor Madden's aforementioned study on Enrico Dandolo, Dennis Romano's 'The Likeness of Venice: A Life of Doge Francesco Foscari' is a wonderful choice for readers looking to learn more about the life & times of Venice's longest-reigning doge after reading Norwich's much-abbreviated accounting in this title, Chapter 25, The Two Foscari.

In the epilogue to A History of Venice, the author provides a beautifully eloquent description which serves as a capstone to his magnificent written work on the enigmatic city of canals, sheltered in the security of the Venetian lagoon : "And so, the more one studies the domestic history of Venice, the more inescapable does the conclusion become: by whatever political standards she is judged, she compares favorably with any nation in Christendom, except, arguably, in the days of her final dotage. Nowhere did men live more happily, nowhere did they enjoy more freedom from fear. The Venetians were fortunate indeed. Disenfranchised they might be; they were never downtrodden. Although, being human, they might occasionally complain of their government, not once in all their history did they rise up against it; such few attempts as there were at rebellion were inspired by discontented nobles, never by the populace. They worked hard, an unusually high proportion of them as artists & craftsmen; they knew, better than any other people in the world, how to enjoy themselves with style & panache; & they lived out their lives in a city even more beautiful - though such a thing seems scarcely possible - than that which we know today. They loved that city passionately, & for a thousand years they remained fiercely loyal to the Republic that had built it, enriched it & kept it safe." Thank you so much for reading, I hope you enjoyed the review!

[Rindis · Rating 3 out of 5]

It's good, and it's thorough, but I found it a bit disappointing. However, I spent most of the book wondering why. Partly, I think, it is because there are very few personalities in the book. Norwich himself actually complains of this on two occasions—there's just very few places in Venetian history where you can say anything about the personality of someone.

However, I think the main problem is I was hoping for a history of the Venetian state, and the book is really a history of the city, though restricted to that period where it was a state. Which is to say that except for those occasions where outside action impinges directly on one of Venice's holdings, those holdings don't show in the book. It is a stage play with one set—Venice—and news from abroad is sung by the Greek Chorus. There's no sense of how the overseas empire really worked.

But, Norwich loves the city of Venice, and that love shows through on every page. One thing that is tracked lovingly through the pages are the buildings and monuments of Venice. When a new building goes up, there is a footnote telling what part of it is still visible today. When a Doge dies and is put in a tomb, there is a footnote giving where it was, and where it was moved to if anything happened to it. Visiting Venice with this book in hand would be a real treat.

[Christine Boyer · Rating 5 out of 5]

Disclaimer: This book took a long time to read. It is very dense, and covers the entire life of Venice, which is hundreds of years.

That said, this is one of the best history books I've ever read. Norwich's writing style - sometimes lyrical, sometimes conversational - lends itself well to such a large topic. He manages to cover the major points of Venice's history without going off on many tangents, yet he manages to give us little tidbits of information that you may not get in other history books.

Moreover, "A History of Venice" isn't just a history of Venice - it's a portrait of the Italian states, of the Roman Empire, of the Crusades, and of the Dark Ages and the Renaissance. It looks at commerce and banking, at political dealings and treaties and the role the Catholic Church had in advancing - and holding back - progress in history.

"A History of Venice" is well worth your time, especially if you already have a rudimentary knowledge of European history and would like to supplement it.

[Alex Pler · Rating 4 out of 5]

Lo compré en junio para preparar el viaje a Venecia pero por su extensión lo fui dosificando. Durante 5 meses he vuelto a pasear por la ciudad y así entender la historia tras sus canales, monumentos y palacios, comprender por qué evolucionó como lo hizo. El autor es exhaustivo: todo lo que querrías saber está en el libro pero también más, mucho más. 1300 años de historia en 800 páginas. El último capítulo, el de la caída de la República veneciana, es especialmente memorable.

[Czarny Pies · Rating 4 out of 5]

The reader will naturally have very high expectations on beginning Lord Norwich's History of Venice. At the time this book was published, John Julius Norwich had already established himself as an historian or the first rank with his two volume history of the Norman Kingdoms in southern Italy. The city of Venice was perhaps the greatest love of his live. For many years, he chaired the international Venice in Peril Fund which raises money to preserve the unique architecture of this city in a Lagoon. Norwich in other words brought talent, erudition and passion to this project. The result is a marvellous book that fulfills all its promises.

Norwich is a great historian of the old school. He is capable of reading medieval French, Latin, and several Italian dialects in the original handwritten form. Moreover, he has the instincts of a natural historian to read between the lines in all these obsolete languages and patois. He can sense who is being truthful, who is lying and who is simply passing on second-hand information. He has a spreadsheet in his mind that can calculate the travel times between destinations according to whatever the dominant travel technology of the decade happens to be. It is a true pleasure to read the work of such a masterful hand.

Norwich makes several key points about Venice's success and its incredible ability to survive as a leading European power for over 1000 years before being blown away in a matter of weeks by the Napoleonic Whirlwind. First, the Venetians were resolutely collegial in their approach to government. While Milan came to be tyrannized by the Viscontis, Rome by the Borgias and Florence by the Medicis Venice never had to suffer under the erratic hand of a dictator with near totalitarian control of the state. The Doge was elected by the Aristocracy and no Doge could be succeeded by a member of his family. Moreover the constitution placed limits on powers of the Doge who ultimately had to govern based on consent.

The second key factor was the strong Venetian instinct for peace. As much as possible they lived at peace with their Orthodox Byzantine neighbours. When Constantinople fell, the Venetians made every effort to be at peace with the turks. Moreover, the Venetians were very tolerant. According to Norwich they are the only Catholic European state never to have burned a heretic.

The end came slowly. When the Portuguese discovered a sea route to India and more importantly began making Caravelles which had the ability to sail there and back with cargoes, Venice went into a long term decline.

At the end the Venetians lost their admirable diplomatic touch. In a matter of weeks the 1000 year old republic went from being a French district governed to a become a possession of the Austrian empire due to incredibly inept negotiating with Napoleon.

The great weakness of Norwich's book by contemporary standards is its complete lack of quantitative and economic analysis. While describing Venice as a commercial empire on seemingly every page, he never attempts to quantify the total volume of the trade nor the customs revenues collected from it. Similarly, he gives only anecdotal evidence as to what type of goods were traded. He does not indicate which of Venice's cities in the middle east gathered what type of goods nor does he indicate where the primary customers were for the different categories of products.

Also surprisingly he never analyzes how the extraordinary evolution of banking, letters of exchange and other instruments developed by Italian bankers to facilitate the transfer of funds without the risk of transporting gold physically. Venice's period of prosperity was in all likelihood extended by these advances in banking but Norwich never discusses them.

Finally Norwich's discussion on the notorious sexual mores of Venetian society is to say the least limited.

The best thing perhaps is that after finishing this wonderful book one can look for a more recent title that will cover the issues that Norwich chose not to. One can then have one more read about this fascinating state.

[Pier Grenville · Rating 2 out of 5]

Much like reading 1,000 years of strata minutes.

It took me a long time to read this book, partly because of its massive size, and partly because of its soporific effects. Accounts of the city's establishment was fascinating. Unfortunately this book sticks to the political ticks and convulsions, leaving out the sexy, and sordid details.The interminably long list of bureaucrats of Venice's past would be over the moon to discover they hadn't been forgotten by this author.

Side note about the author and his subject matter. He appears to be a minor British aristocrat; so it is not surprising that he mentions again and again, thorough the book, presumably for the benefit of those who skip over the suicidally boring bits, that Venice's government was the envy of the world. He furnishes no proof--but the claim itself is so incredibly hyperbolic such proof could never exist. So let's see: a modern aristocrat (contradiction in terms?) rhapsodizing about the golden age of hereditary oligarchy.

Cough. (followed by the sound of crickets chirping)

[Vilmos Kondor · Rating 5 out of 5]

I honestly cannot recall another book from my recent past that grabbed my interest by the throat (sorry for the image) and never let go of it. Mr. Norwich did a wonderful job with this uniquely European city. For me Venice represents everything that is good and noble and great in Europe. This city couldn't have been bigger. If you wanted to live there, you had to find your place in the community. Simple choice, it was. Mr. Norwich tells the story of this fabolous city in rich detail and with obvious love. It always transpires if one loves the topic one writes about; Mr. Norwich simply adores this city, therefore I adore his book. Not for the faint hearted due to its size and complexity but I can assure everyone who has ever been to Venice - or not, as a matter of fact - that this is book is a wonderful, towering achievement - and good, clean fun.

[Gavin · Rating 5 out of 5]

If there's a more thorough and comprehensive history of Venice than this, then I would be the first to read it. However, I doubt there is. For an overview of Venice from its earliest settlement as a group of fishing communities to its fall as a grand republic and beyond, one couldn't do much better than read this work.

[Brian · Rating 4 out of 5]

I did not enjoy this one quite as much as A History of France. Norwich could have done a better job explaining the early history better in particular, as it was definitely slow to start. But to be fair this was written 35 years before A History France, so Norwich definitely improved in this time. Also, the book does improve significantly in the second half, and his humor is enjoyable throughout. I would recommend it, but be ready for a long and dense book.

[Peter Blair · Rating 4 out of 5]

A very enjoyable read, four stars rather than five because its general facility occasionally becomes a little too much and because the focus is a little too much on exhaustive chronological military and political history. More sections like the summing up in the epilogue interspersed into the narrative would have been nice.

[Hester · Rating 4 out of 5]

I am relieved I finally finished this book. The main text is 639 pages of small print. Almost all of the history was new to me, so it took me a long time to digest the material, leading me to read it in small bites.

This is not sort of book I normally enjoy. The prose is excellent, but it is a very old-fashioned history text, full of treaties, battles, and successions of powerful men. Norwich emphasizes that Venice was a major economic power, but he does not put that in context. How much of European trade went through Venice? What goods did they trade? How did those good affect the local culture? At the end of the book, he mentions that many of the residents are artisans, but he does not say what they made. Not even a paragraph is devoted to the glass makers of Murano.

He mentions several times times that Venice participated heavily in the slave trade, and I wish he had written a couple paragraphs about how the European slave trade worked. Who were these slaves? How many were there? Who had them? What happened to their children? How important was slavery to the European economy? What did the slaves do? I was surprised when he mentioned Doge Pietro Mocenigo's concubines; I had no idea that concubines were common in the late 1400s.

The books has a very Christian focus. Norwich says " [and] half of Europe condemned to some 500 years of Muslim rule" on page 143. He doesn't explain why this was a problem. Was it the constant warring? Or is it that he thought Muslim rule was inherently worse than Christian rule? Outside of Venice, Christian rule sounded pretty bad, and he didn't give any reasons why Muslim rule would be worse.

Lastly, his comments on Venetian Jews on pages 272-3 drove me up the wall. They read as a series of excuses: "At this time, too, Venice felt herself obliged to take her first far-reaching measures against her Jewish population. These were in no sense intended as any form of racial or religious persecution, nor did the victims look upon them as such." Bullshit. This, a following paragraph of further bloviating excuses and "alternate facts," and a reference to another racist law on page 606 are the entire discussion of Jews in Venice. So much frustration. And I have no idea what life was like for Venetian women.

And yet, this book has changed the way I view history and the world. I now understand that if you don't know the history of Venice, you cannot understand the history of Europe, the Mediterranean, or the Ottoman Empire. And Norwich resituated Venice in my world view. Venice is in Italy, not far from the Tyrol, but I now think of Venice as a city coming from the Byzantine (rather than Latin) tradition. It was never feudal, so it had an entirely different social structure from the rest of Europe.

Norwich also does an excellent job explaining how the environment shaped Venice. We normally think of defences as steep crags, tall walls, or deep water. Venice's lagoon had none of those things, but it was difficult to traverse unless you knew the lagoon well. I had no idea.

Venice is the world's longest-lasting republic; it lasted 1100 years. My home republic is a little wobbly, and I read this book, in part, to learn how the Republic of Venice lasted so long. Tommaso Mocenigo's deathbed speech, and the subsequent election of Foscari, has stayed with me. It feels so like current events, and that pains me.

I feel like part of the success of the Republic was due to how careful the city was to prevent concentrating power in too few hands. They were so careful to keep even the appearance of corruption out of government. I finished this book with great respect for the Venetian republic. If I had to live in medieval or Renaissance Europe, I would have chosen to live in Venice. According to Norwich, Venice was the only Catholic nation to never burn a heretic. In this era of fake news, I was moved by the contrast between French propaganda about Venetian government, and the reality. The French were convinced that (like Paris) Venice would be full of political prisoners, and that there were lots of people imprisoned as miscarriages of justice. There wasn't a single political prisoner when they took over the Republic. There were very few prisoners of any other sort of variety, either.

While I am relieved to be done carrying this huge book around with me, I will read Norwich again. I plan on reading his two histories of Sicily, which will probably reorder my understanding of the world, again.

[Kara Thomas · Rating 1 out of 5]

There are so many things I could say about this book. None of them are pleasant. Why this book was placed on my 100 books challenge poster is well beyond my understanding. It was pure drudgery to push through the 639! pages of name after name after name from the history of Venice beginning before 727 until a thousand years later. Doge, War, Peace, Religion, Death on repeat. Unless you are a scholar or an insomniac (or doing this challenge with me), do yourself a favor and skip this one.

[Link K · Rating 4 out of 5]

Being 700 pages long, this book provides a fundamental understanding and overview of the history of Venice from antiquity to the 18th century. While reading, I found myself wishing for a series of volumes, as it can feel a bit condensed. Norwich is an amazing storyteller, able to create settings and events with a very vivid tone. As my first book on the city, I personally wished for more cultural content. Nevertheless, it is an excellent overview of a millennium of this truly fascinating state.

[Charles Haywood · Rating 4 out of 5]

This long but smoothly written book, by the very recently deceased John Julius Norwich, scion of English nobility, covers more than a thousand years of Venetian history. Nowadays Venice is mostly known as an overloaded tourist destination, or as a victim of environmental degradation, rather than as the world power it was for most of its history. Norwich, who loved the city and talks in detail not only about its past but also its architecture, often tying the two together, ably restores the place of Venice in history. And in so doing, he manages to both be interesting and to show us viable alternatives to the dead end into which “liberal democracy” has led us.

Venice is very old, though not as old as the rest of settled Italy—its origins only go back to the late Roman empire, since a group of islands in a lagoon, lacking much in the way of agriculture and having no minerals, is not an obvious place to settle. It might make a good place for hunter-gatherers in the James C. Scott mold, although it’s pretty cold in the winter, but as the heart of a civilization, at first glance the location’s costs outweigh the benefits. As with so many city foundings, the initial impulse to overcome those drawbacks was war—the very early Venetians, probably in the sixth century, settled the lagoon as refugees from the barbarian hordes overrunning the (western) Roman Empire. Venice was both out of the way and difficult to get to, protected by water, so it was a logical place to go to avoid barbarians spreading over land, who were attracted to existing concentrations of wealth and to substantial farmland. Whatever the precise outline of its founding, which naturally is shrouded in myth, the city only emerges into history in the eighth century, with the election of the first doges.

Other than canals and gondolas (as I read this book, my daughter kept asking, “have you gotten to the part about the gondolas?”), what most people know of Venice is the office of doge. At a casual glance, it seems like a type of monarchy, but that is completely wrong. The office was originally modelled, apparently, on that of the Byzantine exarch, or imperial administrator of Italy, who sat in Ravenna (though that office ended with Lombard conquest in 751). From early on, however, the doge was elected, and the office was constrained by various devices to limit the doge’s power. This is one of the major themes of Norwich’s book—the obsession of the Venetians with controlling the power of the doge, such that he not become a monarch, much less a hereditary monarch, which in practice over the centuries resulted in the doge becoming more and more a figurehead. During more than a thousand years there is a lot of variation in any political system, so no doubt much of what Norwich discusses is summary, but to me Venetian political structure was the most fascinating part of this book, and the office of doge was only one part of that structure, and in many ways the least important part.

Technically Venice at its founding was part of the Eastern Roman Empire, which theoretically ruled all of northern Italy at the time, and in fact Venice defeated an attempt in the early ninth century by Charlemagne to occupy the city, as Byzantine power in the West fell away. In practice, though, the city was always largely autonomous, maintaining for a long time its early cordial relationship with the Byzantines (including, crucially, trade privileges in Constantinople), and throughout its entire history engaged in one balancing act after another with respect to its neighbors. What made Venice unique was commerce. Without significant landholdings (at least until much later), wealth, and therefore power, derived primarily from trade. Originally, the key product was locally produced salt formed by controlled evaporation, but types of trade goods quickly expanded, given the pivotal position of Venice as a protected enclave, centrally located and closely tied to Byzantium.

Trade not only made Venice rich, but formed its entire political system. The aristocracy that came into being in the city differed from all other Italian aristocracies, as well as from the broader European aristocracies. Venetians had less interest in war for aggrandizement, much more interest in stability, and considerably more appreciation for the common good. As Norwich says, “In Venice there was no separate military caste; the nobles were merchants, the merchants noble, and the interests of both were identical.” This produced stability (although far from perfect stability, especially in the early years) and the creation of a magnificent city, as aristocrats spent, like the ancient Greeks, to benefit their fellow citizens and memorialize themselves. Moreover, tight geography and city living meant everyone important knew, more or less, everyone else important, and therefore trust was high, a benefit reinforced by constant commercial interaction among the populace. Thus, feudalism had no role in Venice, both because of its circumstances and because of its Byzantine backdrop (feudalism did not exist under the Eastern Roman Empire), unlike in the rest of Italy, with its Frankish and Norman sensibilities and customs. (A further part, and perhaps not a small part, of Venetian stability was that the Venetians appear to have been very long lived. Norwich claims that even today their life span is longer than other Italians, and most of the doges were elected in their seventies and served into their eighties or even their nineties.)

In the beginning, it was the vote of all the citizens that elected the doge, directly, and also declared war. The early Venetian constitutional system also contemplated the doge being advised by counsellors, whom the doge was required to consult, and the doge having the right to call the assembly of the people to vote. But by the late twelfth century, the doge tended to ignore the counselors, and there were so many citizens it was impractical to call an assembly, not to mention that such assemblies tended to degenerate into riotous, demanding mobs. Thus, the Great Council was created—originally 480 prominent citizens, nominated by representatives of city districts, and holding office for one year. The Great Council in turn appointed the officers of the state (who were required to accept the honor, since many did not want the unprofitable burden), and also the representatives of the city districts, thus “after the first year, when these representatives were elected democratically, they and the Great Council, each nominating the other, formed a closed circle which completely excluded the general populace from any say in their composition.” The election of the doge was also changed to be done by eleven electors chosen by the Great Council, to be “confirmed” by the people, and the number of counselors to the doge, and their power to check his actions, was increased. Moreover, starting at this point, the accession oath of the doge became a real check on his power, constantly revised to address perceived inadequacies and hemming him around with specific, substantive restrictions. All this was aimed at preventing the doge from accruing power and the masses from causing trouble.

This structure, complicated enough, became even more complicated over time, especially in the election of the doge, the potential distortion of whose office was perceived as a major threat to the Republic. (The doge’s election involved multiple rounds of selecting electors who selected other electors, with a large random element, and included features like an assigned man going out and grabbing the first boy he found to pull numbers from a hat.) For republic was what Venice was, for more than a thousand years, in the old meaning of republic—a mixed government, containing elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. Over time, the aristocratic elements became stronger, while the democratic elements became weaker, but until its end, Venice remained a true republic. This process was ongoing—for example, other bodies were added in the fourteenth century, notably the Council of Ten, a body that in concert with the doge and his six councilors and had very significant authority, especially in areas of national security, but whose authority was hedged around with checks. These included terms of only one year and not more than one member from any given family at time, and a rotating three-member leadership—for a month at a time, during which they were confined to the doge’s palace to prevent the access of those who might bribe or coerce them. The Council of Ten could also temporarily expand their numbers, thereby giving greater heft to their decisions. All together these bodies formed a coherent whole, flexible enough to respond to crises, but broad enough not to be captured by factions and to make the common good their prime goal.

What was originally a republic weighted toward the democratic element became, as Venice grew in power and wealth, a republic weighted toward the aristocratic element. In 1299, in the Serrata or “Lock-Out,” membership in the Great Council, theoretically the supreme body of the state, was formally and permanently restricted to those whose families had held office during the past four years, along with a few others earlier holding office. This list was later called the Golden Book—all those citizens eligible for election. Norwich notes that this occasioned little unhappiness among those denied membership, then or later, even among the middle-upper stratum no longer eligible for the Council, the cittadini (“citizens”), whom Norwich analogizes to the Roman equestrian order. These were not powerless—the Grand Chancellor, for example, an extremely important office more powerful than the doge, was required to be held by one of the cittadini. Thus, the cittadini became a bulwark to, rather than an opposition to, the oligarchical system, and being a Venetian citizen a much sought-after position by those outside the city who had dealings with it. Not to mention that the Great Council was, by the Serrata, expanded to more than 1,500 men, representing a broad cross-section of Venice and therefore quite representative—not democratic, but democracy in the modern sense is not at all necessary for a representative state, of course, as long as the aristocracy is broad enough and has the requisite virtue.

All these changes were organic and slow. Part of Venetian stability was their adherence to tradition—for example, the tradition lasting until the sixteenth century that each new doge give a present of wild birds to numerous people in government, replaced ultimately by special coins minted for the occasion, because birds had decreased while recipients increased—an early nod to environmental sustainability while maintaining tradition. It was not just ceremonial traditions that were maintained; you do not ever find the Venetians adopting new structures based on ideology or some new form of thought.

Early Venice was famed for the ease with which any person could participate in trade, by forming a colleganza (or commenda), where anyone with some money could form a limited liability entity (not a partnership, which implies unlimited liability for the participants) with a merchant, generally a young, aggressive one looking to make his name, and share the profits through a recognized legal form. This is what is known today as “default rules,” such as corporation law, making it easy for people to form businesses, knowing that the law provides reasonable rules that they do not have to re-invent, or even fully understand, to be adequately protected. And Venice always had relatively low taxation, very low in the early years of its glory. Most taxation was in the form of customs duties and other levies on trade, but in times of need, forced loans from the nobility, usually in the form of a small percentage of income (e.g., in 1313, a one-time tax of three percent on income—we should be blessed with such taxation). All this together meant ever-increasing amounts of capital in the city—after all, the recipe for economic success isn’t that hard, it’s just envy that, in most societies, eventually corrodes systems where real wealth is generated—and while doubtless the Venetians were subject to the vice of envy, they never let it dictate public policy. So Venice grew in wealth and power. From the thirteenth century onwards, Venice expanded into an imperial power, dominating not only the Adriatic, but large sections of northern Italy and the Dalmatian coast, Istria, Illyria, and parts farther south, as well as much of the Aegean. And, for a time, large parts of the Byzantine Empire, although she gave those up soon enough, finding them more trouble than they were worth.

For most of their history, the Venetians occupied an ambiguous position with respect to Islam, with whose adherents they had dealings since their earliest times. Muslims were good trading partners, and Venice’s control of the eastern Mediterranean was not significantly threatened until the 1400s. Thus, the Venetians looked at the Crusades with a jaundiced eye, willing enough to be paid to help transship Crusaders and to obtain trading rights and privileges in Outremer, and in the Fourth Crusade, to participate in sacking and looting Constantinople, but not committed to put the boot on Islam, had that even been possible. Norwich, unfortunately, continues the Gibbon/Runciman tradition, rooted in anti-Catholicism and Enlightenment stupidity and sophistry, of seeing the Crusades as a whole as “one of the blackest chapters in the history of Christendom,” when in fact they were heroic and awesome. True, they were subject to the foibles of man and fate, and nobody would defend the Fourth Crusade’s result—it should have been directed against Islam, and that it was not, was wholly the fault of the Venetians. Norwich is also subject, to a limited degree, to the modern disease of highlighting Christian bad behavior upon the storming of cities, while ignoring or downplaying identical Muslim behavior, which was regarded as entirely normal up until the modern era. Although he buys into propaganda about the Crusades, Norwich at least rejects the equally discredited idea that Venice was a proto-totalitarian police state, a favorite trope of Enlightenment writers, and part of the Black Legend. Certainly, the organs of the state sought out subversives, but the prisons were mostly empty most of the time, and Venice probably had a lighter touch than most governments of the Renaissance. But none of this looms large in the book—just in my mind, since I am looking out for these things, being touchy on the subject of historical illiteracy.

What made Venice’s republican system work was the willing adoption of great responsibility by great men, or at least those charged with greatness. Luck and geography helped, too—other Italian city states, such as Genoa, were republics as well, but their position on the mainland meant they were more subject to attack from the outside, and turmoil sooner or later resulted in the imposition of some form of autocracy. It has become fashionable nowadays to believe that Venice declined when the democratic elements of the republic became less, though of course it was never a democracy in the modern sense, even in the earliest times. (The imprecise use of the word “democracy” is a major cause of inanity in today’s political discourse.) For example, Daron Acemoglu’s and James A. Robinson’s not-very-good Why Nations Fail claims that Venice declined after 1300, because of the increase in oligarchic power and because the colleganza was banned. Their conclusion is that the aristocrats wanted to extract the juice produced by everyone else, and they killed the golden goose by the Serrata. This shallow reading of history has been picked up by other under-informed pundits, such as Jonah Goldberg in "Suicide of the West" and Chrystia Freeland in "Plutocrats," and appears to be gaining ground among the chattering neoliberal classes.

But that Venice declined after 1300 is objectively false; as Norwich makes clear, thus giving the lie to Acemoglu’s entire theory. Actually, Venice continued along its sparkling path; the height of Venice’s power was nearly two hundred years after the Serrata. What initiated Venice’s decline had nothing to do with its internal political, or economic, arrangements. Rather, it was the opening of the Cape of Good Hope route to Africa in 1499, eliminating the Venetian hold over much Eastern commerce, and even more the expansion of the Ottomans after 1453, who ended Venetian commercial dominance. It did not help that Venice lost her mainland possessions, and also came out on the losing end in mainland battles, such as the wars against the League of Cambrai, composed of basically “everyone not Venice.” It is probably true that ending arrangements like the colleganza ultimately harmed the Venetian economy, but given Venice’s dominance of the entire Mediterranean trade until around 1500, there is no direct line, While I know little about the details, it seems to me that Venetian state subsidy and regulation of trade (including turning certain lucrative trades, such as the triangular trade in Greek wine, English wool, and Flemish woolens, into state monopolies), while still encouraging it, may have been a better strategy for dominance than ad hoc arrangements that may have made more sense when Venice was not a hegemon in its area. Norwich, at least, thinks that state regulation and subsidy of work like shipbuilding, especially given the military overlay, was beneficial. There appears to have been little regulation of the rent-seeking type, benefiting one set of individuals over another; regulation was directed at strengthening the state. That said, increased taxation to feed increased bureaucracy must have led to increased scleroticism over time; doubtless there was some accumulating drag on the system—but wealth can alleviate that problem to some extent, as long as virtue in the governing class remains.

[Review finishes as first comment.]

[Al Maki · Rating 5 out of 5]

A political history of Venice from its first settlement until the destruction of the Republic by Napoleon. Norwich is a fine writer and is able to make fourteen hundred years of 'and then ... and then' interesting. What I found particularly intriguing is Venice's survival as a republic for over a thousand years, a record for continuous self-government that has not been equalled anywhere to my knowledge - no revolutions, no conquests until Napoleon. How was this possible? Venetians were no more honest or wiser than any other people. Norwich spends considerable time describing the evolution of its constitution. The underlying principles seem to have been - a prohibition to passing on political power to one's children; a bafflingly complicated and ever evolving electoral system intended to prevent the fixing of elections (see the quote below); rotating positions of authority on a monthly basis; multiple layers of political bodies each limiting the others' powers; a willingness to tax their wealthy punitively when it was necessary to the survival of the city.

“On the day appointed for the election, the youngest member of the Signoria was to pray in St. Mark's; then, on leaving the Basilica, he was to stop the first boy he met and take him to the Doges' Palace, where the Great Council, minus those of its members who were under thirty, was to be in full session. This boy, know as the ballotino, would have the duty of picking the slips of paper from the urn during the drawing of lots. By the first of such lots, the Council chose thirty of their own number. The second was used to reduce the thirty to nine, and the nine would then vote for forty, each of whom was to receive at least seven nominations. The forty would then be reduced, again by lot, to twelve, whose task was to vote for twenty-five, of whom each this time required nine votes. The twenty-five were in turn reduced to another nine; the nine voted for forty-five, with a minimum of seven votes each, and from these the ballotino picked out the names of eleven. The eleven now voted for forty-one – nine or more votes each – and it was these forty-one who were to elect the Doge....

"So much for the preliminaries; now the election itself could begin. Each elector wrote the name of his candidate on a paper and dropped it in the urn; the slips were then removed and read, and a list drawn up of all the names proposed, regardless of the number of nominations for each. A single slip for each name was now placed in another urn, and one drawn. If the candidate concerned was present, he retired together with any other elector who bore the same surname, and the remainder proceeded to discuss his suitability. He was then called back to answer questions or to defend himself against any accusations. A ballot followed. If he obtained the required twenty-five votes, he was declared Doge; otherwise a second name was drawn and so on.”

[Daniel · Rating 5 out of 5]

If you love Venice, you would love Norwich’s book. How I wish I had read it before I went there recently!

Venice is beautiful and unique, mostly because it has never been defeated until it surrendered to Napoleon. It is protected by the Lagoon which only the locals have knowledge to navigate; if you have travelled there from the airport by boat you would realise how treacherous the lagoon is.

Safe from greedy kings and princes, Venice developed the most democratic government. The Doge is not allowed to pass his post to his family, at least not immediately. The Doge is chose through a complicated process. Subsequently there is the Council of Ten, and the other subcommittees. Through her superior ship technology, she remained the strongest naval country in the mediterranean, getting tax free concessions from The Holy Roman Empire, Byzantium and even the Ottomans; controlling ‘quarter and half a quarter’ of the Roman Empire. She has monopoly on the lucrative salt trade, as well as control of the Silk Road trade. At one point she was so strong she sacked Constantinople and brought back the 4 famous bronze horses (in St Mark’s museum; the ones on top of the Basilica are fakes). Diplomacy was her strong point; coupled with her military strength, she dealt with and held her own against the Great Powers.

Then Portugal and Spain found alternate routes to the East ‘Spice islands’. Her power started to decrease. The Ottoman Empire further weakened her power by taking over the trade route, and building an equally strong army. Even though she won the famous Battle of Lepanto, she did not manage to reverse the gradual decline.

Norwich is totally on Venice’s side; all other countries are more or less described in unsavoury terms; this makes this book so fun to read.

[Shauna · Rating 5 out of 5]

Incredibly detailed complete history of Venice. If you want to know why and how Venice is still to this day a stand alone city when compared to the rest of Italy, this book has you covered and then some. Still amazing to consider that they had (have? Can't think of a longer run) the longest consecutive Republic in the history of Europe. And throughout the golden age of Monarchy and feudalism in Europe.

[Jan · Rating 5 out of 5]

Wonderful. Norwich wears his heart on his sleeve in his affections for his subject, but this remains a very balanced narrative. A great big history book, there's a skilful balance of pace and detail to add colour. Here is Michelangelo leading an armed force, here is Vivaldi teaching music at an orphanage, here is a new ship design revolutionising naval warfare. Thoroughly enjoyable and enlightening.

[mkfs · Rating 4 out of 5]

As usual, Norwich is an entertaining guide through an often-overlooked (in comparison to England, France, Spain) area of Eurpoean history.

His fondness for the city, resulting in copious footnotes marking where various tombs and monuments are now located, can get a bit oppressive.

Unlike Byzantium (to which I have to admit only having read the digest version; the three-colume epic is far down on the to-read), the history of Venice is rather dull, making this a slow but ultimately rewarding read.

[Arturo Sierra · Rating 2 out of 5]

Not really what I wanted or expected. There's no depth to it: it's just an enumeration of things that happened, without going into any details or gossip, and without any further explanation of why or how, beyond what one guy or another might have wanted. From one page to the next, Venice has become a merchant superpower, and there’s no accounting of how the city managed to achieve this. There’s no nitty gritty. It’s a history of the Doges. Which might be fine enough, but it was not what I wanted and it doesn’t satiate my appetite.

[Nile · Rating 4 out of 5]

Spectacular scope, but a little biased from an author who lived in 'Little Venice'... of course, everyone wants the military history, the glories, but the end comes awfully quick when it was in truth a century in the making. Perhaps such a city deserved to have its decline as discussed as its apogee: not least when its apogee was unique and its decline a prescient warning on state decay.

[Mercedes Macías · Rating 3 out of 5]

me decepcionó un poco, demasiado exhaustivo con las guerras que tuvo Venecia, se hace tedioso y además hay fallos de transcripción en algunos nombres y en un siglo (tenía que ser el xvii y pone xviii). quizá habla demasiado de algunos conflictos europeos

[Alberto · Rating 4 out of 5]

Una maravilla de la historia narrativa, se queda muy cerca de las obras de Runciman.

[Andrei · Rating 5 out of 5]

Well worth the read, even though it's not the easiest. It is however fascinating and well written, with lots to learn, even for our current times!