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History Repeating: Why Populists Rise and Governments Fall

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Most of the time, politics is boring. In most countries, the Average Joe rules. Extremists of the left and right can gnash their teeth but serious politicians know they desert the centre ground at their peril. It's the iron law of electoral politics.

That is, in normal times.

What about times when the centre can't hold, when the extremists take back control and set about making their country great again?

At such moments, the best guide to the future is the past. Political chaos might be scary but it isn't all that chaotic. In fact, as risk analyst Sam Wilkin reveals in History Repeating, it has hidden rules.

Beneath the noise and confusion of history, from Lenin and Khomeini to Trump and Brexit, there are patterns. The same drama plays out again and again, with minor variations. It isn't the story you think you know. It contains surprises and profound mysteries. But once you have seen the inner logic of the past century's political disasters, you might just be ready to face the interesting times to come.

288 pages, ebook

Published March 15, 2018

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Sam Wilkin

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Displaying 1 - 5 of 5 reviews
Profile Image for Claire.
1,187 reviews306 followers
April 18, 2019
History Repeating is an accessible examination of populist movements, revolutions, leaders, and regimes which seeks to illustrate commonalities in the way populism appears and acts. Wilkin used these case studies to contextualise the global political events of 2016. The argument that is presented draws on a range of research and thinking, based in both the disciplines of Social Science and Political Science. Although at times, I wanted a little more depth, Wilkin walks the line between entertainment and analysis well.
Profile Image for Jayaprakash Satyamurthy.
Author 43 books515 followers
February 20, 2019
Looking at regime changes (and a near change) in Russia, Thailand, Argentina, America and Greece, Wilkin attempts to contextualise the populist victories of 2016 in the USA and UK. Lots of solid reseExg research underlies this well written, engaging book. Wilkin is sanguine about the future prospects for the USA and UK, but reading between the lines we can see that many of the conditions for extended bouts of populist misrule or unstable regimes adhere in other parts of the world. A very thought provoking book and well grounded in actual research.
Profile Image for Carlos  Wang.
386 reviews168 followers
April 27, 2025
「民粹主義」的存在其實淵源已久,尤其是在拉丁美洲,更是政治學者長期研究的課題;而最近更加廣受注目的原因,除了幾個老牌的民主國家如英、美都出現民粹主義型領袖執政外,還有我們的“親身體驗”。台灣書市關於這類主題的書如雨後春筍的出版,我也不可免俗地來湊湊熱鬧讀一讀。



挑選這本的原因是看上了作者山姆‧魏爾金(Sam Wilkin)做為一個地緣政治分析師,在這部作品中他採取的是案例分析式而非傳統教科書理論式的寫法,面向更多的是普羅大眾。魏爾金在書中選了以下幾個國家做為說明:泰國、俄國、伊朗、阿根廷、美國與希臘。其實我覺得他的分析跟論述雖然有趣,但有點失之淺薄,比較像是先畫靶再射箭,只是為了說明自己的主題,而不是真的要剖析。他說明了這些國家發生了什麼事情,但並沒有真正深入的說明了「為什麼」。讀者看完或許會懂他表達的,但卻無法明白到底「怎麼了」。



不過,我們回到魏爾金真正想表達的主題「民粹主義」上,至少他是說得很清楚的。



國家想成為一個運作良好的民主社會,必須建立在有成熟穩定中產階級之上,這是政治學上的共識。歷史一再告訴我們,極端的貧富差距,必然造成社會強烈對立,因為窮人會想要重建資源分配制度,而富人甚至會想要捨棄民主寧願用專制以保護自身。特別是,在這種惡劣環境之中,必然會出現「有心人士」利用窮人的不滿,來完成其政治野心,他們就是所謂的民粹主義者。魏爾金從他分析的幾個國家案例中告訴讀者,這些人儘管面向貧民,但他們自己未必是從這個階級出身,而更重要的是,民粹主義者最喜歡「假裝自己是跟窮人一夥」。他們會故意用相同的服裝,操同樣的語調,採一樣的行事風格來跟他們打成一片。因為有些研究者指出,人們未必會因為自身的困境而起身參與政治,但卻有在感受「有認同感的群體」被壓迫、不公、相對剝奪感而被動員的屬性,所以民粹主義者會抓住這點來大加利用。

民粹主義者通常也沒什麼中心思想,能夠動員人們的唯一手段就是批判當權者跟現狀,利用人們的不滿來行事。他在短期之內可以聚集到各種形形色色的人來加入形成一股巨大能量,但通常很難凝聚出一種共識,即便完成了奪取政權的目標後,也很容易就內鬨而亂成一團。不過,有些民粹主義者確實是能夠,或者說至少還有些手段可以完成些短視近利的政策。例如作者舉的泰國塔克辛,他就是採取「分贓政治」,雖然貪腐,但也成就了給支持者許多的福利。而在希臘,民粹政府毫無顧忌的在沒增加收入的情況下增加開支,短期內雖然有成效,但最終卻是「債留子孫」。

不過,這都還算好。作者舉出伊朗的案例就更讓人怵目驚心了。取代巴列維王朝的柯梅尼(Ayatollah Khomeini)奪取政權前也是以開明的姿態示人,孰料成事之後他就整個人大翻轉,變成極端的伊斯蘭主義者。這就有點言行不一了。

作者分析的都是當下的,我個人倒也想到歷史上的一個案例。古羅馬共和國雖然不是現代意義上的民主體制,但它在某種意義上我們能看到許多類似的情況。羅馬公民也按照財產分出階級,在早期有共同敵人的時候,尚可同舟共濟,最終在政治分歧中妥協。但隨著海外帝國的形成,戰爭的犧牲共同承擔,但勝利的果實卻由貴族獨佔,於是貧富差距開始擴大到影響社會穩定的地步。然後出現像格拉古兄弟這樣的人物,高舉著取消債務,公地重劃等財富再分配的政策崛起,採取激進跟挑戰規則的方式鬥爭,他們看起來都跟當代的「民粹主義者」相同。雖然這對兄弟失敗了,但揭開的對立卻持續下去,而且再也無法癒合。這種現象就跟作者提到「阿根廷恐怖平衡」一樣,富人害怕民粹的財富再分配,窮人擔心貴族的金錢分化,兩邊各自極端對立,相持不下。古羅馬的最終結果是,厭倦內戰跟政爭的公民選擇了接受凱撒跟奧古斯都建立的獨裁統治。但作者跟我都相信,這絕不是大家想見到的情況。



作者在最後也提供了幾點可以檢驗自己國家是否存在嚴重政治危機的標準給讀者使用,大家不妨試試:



只問「下架誰」,不問政策。
支持者彼此都覺得對方瘋了。
挑起階級、群體對立。
放任民粹。
造成富有人的危機感。他們是最有能力跟傾向反民主的。
過分迷信專家。
只能從爛蘋果選一個。




總之,這本《民粹與政權的覆亡》寫的像是分析報告,文筆流暢易懂,也算是符合作者的背景,有興趣又不想啃太硬的理論書的朋友,可以翻翻。
Profile Image for JP.
454 reviews12 followers
April 30, 2018
Amazing Read
A book about factor influencing behind Revolution
I have read fiction wrote in the form of poetry but this the first Non fiction book was written in fiction style
He starts with Thailand Politics where a business man become a politician now same in America. What if you allow a business man in politics and the outcome was very scintillating
Then comes Lenin, Khomeini and Argentina Peron and Evita their biography and finally Greece debts trap was presented beautifully
He emphasised that revolution not caused by poverty or inequality but because of middle class.
Why suddenly the non voters go for voting and why it upset the prediction of election results.
Superb!!
And so good!!
Profile Image for Pratik.
26 reviews4 followers
February 2, 2022
A slightly chaotic but gripping book on idiosyncracies of democracies, how populists rise, how revolutions are overrated and how things can unravel even by well meaning intentions.

Loved his detailed examples and stories.
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