In a sense, Christianity has always been at a crossroads. Opposing worldly streams in philosophy, constantly present it with the opportunity to veer off in a variety of directions. G.K. Chesterton points out that the Church “swerved to left and right so exactly as to avoid enormous obstacles” (Chesterton 57). Understanding the precipices that the Church currently sits on is important to Goheen and Bartholomew, so in their book, Living at the Crossroads, they seek to analyse the excesses of the modern Church and determine in which ways it could “swerve” to remedy them. As stated on the back cover of the book, both of the authors are professors of religion, and Goheen is additionally a pastor, making the pair exceptionally qualified to write on this topic. Any modern Westerner should find the themes to be applicable to his or her worldview, and most will be presented with entirely novel worldview ideas. The authors of Living at the Crossroads provide an excellent overview of trends in the Christian philosophical worldview and suggest problems with and solutions to the current state of Christian thought.
Living at the Crossroads opens with the assertion that “As followers of Jesus, our thinking about worldview must begin with the gospel” (pg. 1). This idea of the centrality of the gospel to worldview shapes the rest of the book. The three primary parts each develop on the idea of a gospel centered worldview. The first part goes into some depth defining the Christian, or gospel centered, worldview. The second part considers the philosophical ideas inside and outside the Church that have led to the current state of Christianity, especially which ideas have led away from the gospel. The final part deals with the implications of the modern Christian worldview, particularly how to promote the centrality of the gospel in today’s culture.
Part one begins with the idea that the Bible is a narrative. The authors propose that the Bible has an all-encompassing story that everyone can choose to participate in. They argue that, unlike Homer who simply attempts to aid his readers in temporarily ignoring their realities, the Bible aims to supplant its readers’ realities (pg. 3). The question of what it means for the Bible’s narrative to supplant one's own leads the authors into the idea of a worldview. They define this term based off of Emmanuel Kant’s “weltanschauung,” which is, “an understanding of the meaning of the world and of our place within it” (pg. 11-12). In other words, worldview is how people interact with the world based on how they view it. Naturally, the authors follow up with the question of how the Bible would direct one to view and interact with the world. The book outlines three key aspects of the Christian worldview. These are viewing the world as something God created with meaning, acknowledging the effects and remedy of sin, and accepting God’s role for humans as stewards in the world. The final of these three points receives most of the attention in the latter chapters, as the authors discuss what it practically means to be a Christian.
If the Biblical worldview was the only worldview, then there would be no need for the second and third parts of the book. However, since its founding, the Church has been inundated with other worldviews. Western thought has its roots in the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. The authors point out that Plato’s philosophy considered the spiritual realm to be primary and the physical realm to be an impediment, while Aristotle trusted heavily in temporal things (pg. 74). These Western ideas have become heavily intertwined with Christian thought. The book first relates the influence of Platonic ideas on St. Augustine of Hippo. St. Augustine, while affirming the Christian position that the physical world was created good, shifted the Church in the direction of heavy preference toward the spiritual over the physical (pg. 77). Augustinian ideas largely dominated until 13th century scholar, St. Thomas Aquinas, began to incorporate the resurfacing Aristotellian ideas into Christian thought (pg. 78-79). This opened the door in Christianity to humanist thought and eventually the enlightenment. This shift toward humanist modernity was accelerated by the strong individualism of the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation (pg. 82-87). Progressive modernism had few Western challengers until philosophers disillusioned by the meaninglessness of the material modernity began to consider postmodernity, the idea no metanarrative exists and that life essentially has no intrinsic meaning (pg. 107-111).
Goheen and Bartholomew conclude their book by analysing how to faithfully live out the Christian worldview without the amalgamation of philosophies that it has taken on. Their method involves engaging the world without being engaged by the world, or influencing the world while being influenced by the gospel (pg. 132-133). The authors suggest ways to practically live in such a way in several areas of life. As an example, they consider options for schooling. Public school gives more opportunity to engage the culture, but Christian or home school gives more opportunity to study the Christian worldview (pg. 165-173). Ultimately, the book leaves its readers with a framework to help decide exactly how best to live out a Christian worldview.
In analysing the arguments that Goheen and Bartholomew use in Living at the Crossroads, it is worth analysing the themes of each part together, as the parts build upon each other heavily. The boldest and most defining argument in the first part is that the Bible provides a guidebook for every aspect of life that every human should follow. This is really two statements. The first is that the Bible presents a metanarrative and second is that it is a metanarrative worth adopting. The authors assert that “[The Biblical] gospel is an announcement about where God is moving the history of the whole world” (pg. 2). The remainder of the first chapter backs up this point. The authors point out that the gospel calls anyone who hears it to believe in it and repent, citing Mark 1:14-15. This process implies adopting a whole new story of the world (pg. 5). The chapter goes on to discuss what could be called a corporate understanding of the gospel as a narrative. That is, a Biblical mission for the Church to follow. Quoted is John 20:21, where Jesus relates to the apostolic founders of the Church, “As the Father has sent me, I am sending you.” The authors very reasonably take this verse and John 17:18 to mean that the gospel forms an additional narrative for the Church. Considering that the Church is nothing without the gospel, it is nothing to show that the Biblical metanarrative should be the driving force within it. Proving that individuals should also take such a stance, however, is a position that Goheen and Bartholomew take the remaining three chapters in the section to support.
Living at the Crossroads approaches the question of why everyone should adopt a Biblical narrative from the perspective of showing that it is both true and necessary. The authors suggest that sin is a real thing that is an act of treachery against God and that is the root of all human problems (pg. 46). They go on to argue that sin not only destroys individual humans but also societies at large (pg. 48-49). This already closely mirrors the earlier idea of individuals and Churches accepting a gospel centric narrative. From this point, the authors attempt to illustrate how a Christian worldview is a solution to the formerly stated problems. They draw attention to the fact that God could have immediately restored the world from sin, but chose not to, leaving a mission for Christians. That mission is to work toward a world that is restored to the state that God initially intended for it (pg. 52-53). They importantly add that the efficacy of these efforts depends on the grace of God empowering the change (pg. 61-62). This crucial qualification distinguishes the Biblical worldview from a simple societal improvement movement, making it seem much more exclusively necessary. A slight weakness of this section is that it gives very little thought to how a person or Church would go about restoring the world. However, this is excusable as the last part of the book is set aside for the purpose of practical solutions. Otherwise, though, the authors successfully present an enticing picture of the Christian worldview.
The second part of Living at the Crossroads revolves around the influence that progressive modernism has had on the Church and the West as a whole. Goheen and Bartholomew show that modernism has become the driving force in Western culture, through selling people the idea of a material utopia (pg. 92-96). To support their claim they quote Immanuel Kant as saying, “‘The destination of the human species as a whole is toward continued progress. We accomplish it by fixing our eyes on the goal which, though a pure ideal, is of the highest value in practice, for it gives a direction to our efforts, conformable to the intentions of Providence’” (pg. 92). The authors argue that from this school of thought proceeded what they call the “myth of progress.” That is, the idea that through science humanity could create the perfect world. Unfortunately, though, the authors continue, progressivism and technological advancement never brought about the utopia that modernism promised. As a result, disillusioned philosophers turned to the idea that they called postmodernism. The appeal of postmodernism is that it is decidedly non progressive, because it discredits the idea of a metanarrative altogether (pg. 109). Goheen and Bartholomew come to the conclusion in this second part of the book that Christianiy must promote an entirely different worldview than either the modern or postmodern worldviews that permeate today’s culture. They oppose the modern worldview, as it sets man and science in the place of God, a juxtaposition which certainly cannot coexist with Christianity (pg. 98). Their opposition to the postmodern worldview is more complex. In a sense, they admit that it is tempting to accept postmodernism as an ally in a fight against modernism. Nevertheless, they maintain that, “Postmodernism is also unhelpful to Christians in that although it has abandoned much of modernity’s key concepts, it has never abandoned the shaky secular foundations upon which modernity was built” (pg. 114). In other words, both modernism and postmodernism unsuccessfully flail for truth in a Godless world, so it makes no sense that either should guide the Church. The overarching argument in these chapters is that modernism and postmodernism dominate the West but that Christianity but choose a separate philosophical path. Goheen and Bartholomew do an outstanding job of showing their point, complete with a lengthy history of the interaction between Christian and Western philosophies. Their argument would most likely be least effective with those completely blinded by material wealth. However, that is more of a failure on the part of the reader than the authors, as their case was very carefully documented. Their argument is made especially strong by general dissatisfaction, even among the wealthy, with modern life. Nearly every reader will be compelled to at least strongly consider the authors’ point of view.
The focus of the final part of Living at the Crossroads to demonstrate in a practical sense what the authors see as a gospel centered worldview. They state that it implies, “confessing Christ’s rule over the whole of society and culture, taking a stand against all the evil that thwarts that rule” (pg. 127). They go on to explain how they understand the concept of being “in the world but not of it.” The authors explain that the basis of this worldview is being involved in the world with a giving mindset (pg. 145). More specifically, Christians should be influencing the world in a regenerative mannar without allowing the world to have a degenerative influence on them. This involves striking a balance that is difficult and up to many interpretations. Thus, the Goheen and Bartholomew mainly seek to give general guidelines. As an example of their thought process, consider their opinion on scholarship and education, something they spend a good deal of time discussing. They make the fundamental observation that the scholarly world is completely built around a modern humanist worldview (pg. 166). As a result, it is difficult to participate in such a system without becoming a part of it. On the other hand, they acknowledge that methods such as Christian and home schooling can have an insulating effect on Christian witness to the outside world (pg. 167). Ultimately, with this issue and others Living at the Crossroads leaves the reader with Biblical principles to aid them in making their own decision. The authors’ choice to often avoid giving definite guidance could be seen as a weakness with this section. However, it could also be seen as a strength for a more independent reader. An evaluation mostly depends on what the reader wants from the book. Either way, though, what the section does do, it does quite well.
Living at the Crossroads is one of the best books that I have read. It flows nicely and breaks deep thoughts down to a level that is easily digestible. Most importantly, it discusses ideas that are not common in mainstream Christianity or the mainstream culture in general. I find that most Christians are unquestioningly devoted to modernism and especially capitalism, while much of the culture is enamoured with postmodernism. The idea that both philosophies are societally unhealthy is somewhat of a radical idea, but it is something that I believe some people are beginning to intuitively realize. Although I began considering these ideas before reading Goheen and Bartholomew’s book, they deepened my understanding of these concepts. They answer questions that the readers did not know they had, and leave the readers with better questions. Living at the Crossroads is a fantastic work of art that leaves one captivated with the idea of utilizing good worldview to restore the world.
Works Cited:
Chesterton, G.K. Orthodoxy. John Lane Company, 1908.