Obra erudita e iconoclasta de um dos maiores teóricos do pós-colonialismo, Crítica da Razão Negra aborda a evolução do pensamento racial na Europa, resgatando o conceito de Negro e de homem-mercadoria. Num mundo em que o neoliberalismo e a reactivação da lógica das raças que ele engendra desencadeiam a universalização tendencial da condição negra — convertendo o Negro no paradigma de uma humanidade subalterna —, Achille Mbembe apresenta-nos um verdadeiro programa filosófico e denuncia modelos de submissão, depredação e exploração. Inconformada com um quotidiano em que se sujeita ainda o semelhante à lógica mercantil que fora em tempos a da plantação e a da colónia, Crítica da Razão Negra considera urgente a descolonização mental da Europa outrora dominante para combater um fenómeno à escala planetária: o racismo global tecido pelo capitalismo selvagem, no qual todos seremos os novos «negros».
Joseph-Achille Mbembe, known as Achille Mbembe (born 1957), is a Cameroonian philosopher, political theorist, and public intellectual.
He has written extensively in African history and politics, including La naissance du maquis dans le Sud-Cameroun (Paris, Karthala, 1996). On the Postcolony was published in Paris in 2000 in French and the English translation was published by the University of California Press, Berkeley, in 2001. In 2015, Wits University Press published a new, African edition. He has an A1 rating from the National Research Foundation.
According to Mbembe ‘Black reason', consists of a collection of voices, pronouncements, discourses, forms of knowledge, commentary and nonsense, whose object is things or people of “African origin”. Mbembe suggests that contact between Europe and Africa produced two narratives: the Western Consciousness of Blackness and Black Consciousness of Blackness. Thus, he argues the Western idea of reason is different from the black or African idea of reason because both are products of different geographies (Europe and Africa) and therefore different experiences.
With regards to White consciousness of blackness, Mbembe takes us on a historical tour, through the three most important epoch-making events in black history: slavery, colonialism and Apartheid. The story of conquest, oppression, subjugation and persecution. Like the slaves in Plato’s cave, blackness is shackled against a wall where it is not only denied freedom but can not be allowed into Kant's kingdom of reason. Therefore making Blackness sub-human, giving justification for denying them rights and for the oppression and persecution.
With regards to black consciousness of blackness, what Mbembe has done is to tie the black experience through slavery, colonialism and apartheid together in a bundle and under the banner of black reason and traced how these experiences have shaped how black people view themselves. Blackness is like a victim of locked-in syndrome, locked within a skin that the bearer never chose but within the confines of which the victim is aware of what is happening to him but remains powerless to express thoughts and feelings. In this prison only two options are open to the black, either to acquiesce and die or struggle and survive. Out of this fight for survival, or as Fanon put it, ‘the struggle to the death’, emerges the narrative of black consciousness.
في مقدمة الكتاب يعنون الكاتب المدخل بـ "عالمٌ آيلٌ إلى الزنجية" وكأنه يشير إلى تنامي سياسات العنصرية التي تحيل جماعات مختلفة من الشر إلى زنوج "حكماً"، وهو يعرّف الزنجي فيقول: الزنجي هو ذلك (أو ذاك) الذي نراه عندما لا نرى، ولا نفهم. وهذا التعريف بديع بحق إذا أنه يشير لخلاصة المسألة الزنجية (شخص غير مفهوم/لم يبذل أحد جهدًا لفهمه/يتم إلقاء صفات عليه لا تمثله وتشير لعدم فهمنا له)، فالكتاب يعيد قراءة الظاهرة العنصرية عن طريق استجلاب أحداث الماضي، لينقدها، ويستشرف المستقبل من خلالها. إن هذا النوع من الكتب مما يحتاج لإعادة قرلءة لفهم واستخلاص كافة مضامينه، لم تكن الترجمة بتلك السلاسة -أو ربما أن الأسلوب كان أعلى من مستواي للحد الذي دعاني أقرأ الكتاب ببطء خالص-.
Now this was a demanding read. I am actually not sure I quite understood this book ‘Critique of Black Reason’ by Achille Mbembe (Duke University Press, 2017). I am generally struggling with French post-structuralist political philosophy and, sadly, much of the post-colonial stuff. To this day, I have not understood a single word of Lacan and while Gayatri Spivak sounds incredibly interesting, I’d still struggle aka fail to summarize ‘Can the subaltern speak’. So Mbembe has been on my radar for quite some time, as one of the ‘most exciting’ African postcolonial philosophers (they say). I also realized, quite shockingly, that among my library of close to 1,000 books the Cameroonian Mbembe may be the only African author. Sure, there are some of the radical black writers from the Caribbean (Cesaire, Fanon, Rodney) and Americas (Baldwin lol) but I cannot recall having read any African authors. But a whole shelf on critiques of eurocentrism 😊
Anyhow, Mbembe is often criticized for writing too poetically aka difficult to understand and the meaning of chapter five which he called ‘the foundation of the entire book’ totally escaped me.
So, the book offers a genealogy of the category of ‘blackness’ from the slave trade, colonialism, apartheid to today and explores the link between the creation of (the fiction of) race and capitalism ‘race is one of the raw materials from which value and surplus are produced’. Mbembe also traces the role of the creation of race in modernity and maintains that ‘our critique of modernity will remain incomplete if we fail to grasp that the coming of modernity coincided with the principle of race. He analyses race at once as ideology and technique of power which made it possible to represent non-European human groups as lesser forms of being, the non-human. He argues that the equation of blackness with the non-human is not only a thing of the slave trade or colonial past but the principle for new forms of exclusion. Think the EU’s militarization of borders or forms of dehumanizing exploitation in the global south under global capitalism. The principle of the ‘plantation’ is still alive in today’s sweatshops and mines in Africa. There’s a lot more to the book but in my vulgar-Marxist reading, I kind of took away only this 😊
يحاول المؤلف في هذا الكتاب أن يستعرض الزنجية وتجارة الرق والتعصب العرقي والاستعمار أو الكولونيالية من خلال دراسة وتحليل تاريخها ومراحلها. الزنجية لا تشير إلى تصنيف بيولوجي فحسب أو جغرافي. الزنجية هي تصورات الرجل الأوربي أو الغربي عنه، كل الغباوات والأوهام التي نسجها الغرب وألبسها أناسًا من أصول أفريقية زمنًا طويلًا، والذي ينظر له باعتباره شيئًا وسلعة، ينظر له دائمًا باعتباره مختلفًا، لا يشبهه، وليس إنسانا كاملًا بل هو نموذج أولي لصورة لم تصل إلى حالتها البشرية، سلالة حيوانية متطورة. وأصبح هذا المصطلح شائعًا في الفرنسية في القرن الثامن عشر لما بلغت تجارة الرق أوجها. كانت هذه النظرة ضرورية لتوسع الغربي ولاحتلاله أراضي الآخرين. كيف يمكن تبرير الاستيلاء على الأرضي واحتلالها، إلا بافتراض أن من يسكن هذا البلد ليس كائنًا بشريًا مثله، فيوصف دائمًا بوحشيته، ولا إنسانيته، ويُسوغ إخضاعه بأنه بطبيعته عبد وعدو. لا يمكن أن نغفل دور الرأسمالية في هذه الحركات الاستعمارية وفي تجارة الرق. فلما بدأ النضال العمالي في أوروبا تجاه الاستغلال المفرط ضد العمال، كان من ضمن الحلول نقل مناهج الاستغلال الأكثر فظاظة إلى بلاد المستعمرات، أو نقلهم هم إلى بلدانهم عن طريق شحنهم بمئات الآلاف لاستعمالهم. إذا كانت الزنجية هي التصورات التي يمارسها إنسان تجاه آخر لأقصائه واعتباره شيئًا أو سلعة، وإذا ما كانت العنصرية هي مجموع الممارسات الاجتماعية القانونية السياسية المؤسساتية وغيرها القائمة على رفض افتراض المساواة بين الأشخاص البشر، فإنها لهذا قد تتخذ أشكالًا مختلفة، فمن الخطأ كما يقول المؤلف أن نعتقد بأننا قد خرجنا من هذا النظام نهائيًا بانتهاء مشهد تجارة الرق. فنفس مبادئ الإقصاء قد وُظفت تحت شعارات أخرى، مثل شعار الحضارة.
يقع الكتاب في 248 صفحة، لكن مجموع الصفحات التي استفدتها منه لا تتجاوز خمسين صفحة، وساهم في ذلك الترجمة السيئة التي لا تخرج من مترجم يفهم العربية، وأما الإملاء وقواعد النحو، فأنا قرأت مئات الكتاب، وأشهد الله أني لم أقرأ أفظع ولا أكثر استفزازًا مما وجدته في هذه الطبعة. من لا يستطيع قراءة الكتاب بلغته الفرنسية الأصلية، فلا أنصحه بشراء هذه النسخة المترجمة حتى لا تشجعوا هذا العبث.
هذا كتاب كنت أتوقع منه الكثير نظرًا لموضوعه الذي لفتني والذي أحب القراءة فيه، لكن الترجمة ظلمته كثيرًا.
الترجمة كانت سيّئة جداً، الجمل غير مترابطة ومشوشة في غالبية الفصول، كما وردت هناك كثير من المصطلحات الجديدة والتي لم يكن للجزء الأعظم منها من تفسير في الحواشي، فكانت أشبه بالطلاسم.
في بعض الفقرات كنت أشعر أن ما أقرأ يضيع بمجرد انتهائي من الفقرة لأن لغة الترجمة مبهمة وغير منطقية؛ فكانت غالبية الفقرات عبارة عن جمل مصفوفة بجانب بعضها البعض. ترجمة سيئة جداً.
ناهيك عن كم الأخطاء المطبعية والإملائية والذي كان مستفِزاً جداً.
لن أقيّم المحتوى، لأنني لم أُعطَ فرصة لذلك بسبب ما ذكرت سابقاً عن سوء الترجمة. كانت هناك بعض الجمل والفقرات التي استطعت تكوين انطباع عنها والتي أوردت بعضها ضمن الاقتباسات خلال قراءتي. أما كتقييم يفي العمل حقه، لا بد من قراءته مرة أخرى بترجمة أفضل.
Critique of Black Reason by Achille Mbembe is an interesting book to say the least and definitely difficult to read at times. Mbembe is on a conquest to track how Black Reason came to be. This is a genealogical book and very poetic in language.
Mbembe displays great knowledge in history and historical events, especially when he cites the works completed by other theorists such as Fanon, Deleuze, and Foucault. He suggests colonial power killed all other reasons, especially Black reason, and thus, White reason was born. The West put animality to measurement and perceived other nations, and cultures as inferior and labeled them as "savages." As a result, the world wants to avoid "savagery" and therefore, it tries to adapt the White reason. But Mbembe is trying to trace Black reason and find out what could've been, because the current accounts of it stem from active imagination that was turned into fact, of trying to make sense of slavery, and other struggles.
While Mbembe is definitively on the right track, I find his book lacking coherence. For example, when he cites Fanon, but fails to mention the fact that Fanon is heavily influenced by Marx and the Marxist thought, and therefore, he should mention classism because it is such an important key in addressing racism and slavery in general. Another problem was the fact that Mbembe does not mention imperialism as much as it is relevant. Imperialism played such a role in shaping Black discourses today, and so many Black movements were born to fight imperialism. I find it almost ridiculous that there is no focus on the effects of imperialism on Black thought in this book.
Overall, I think this was an interesting book, and I definitely gained knowledge by reading it, but I wish it had more coherence, and included other important issues besides race in explaining Black Reason.
الترجمة سيئة وأظن الكتاب كذلك، قضيت ثلاثة أيام من أيام العزل المنزلي في محاولة فهم تراكيب الجمل الغريبة وأنهيت الكتاب بدون فهم، وعليه فهي تجربتي الأخيرة مع ترجمات نديم.
Anregendes Buch zum Rassismus. Besonders die Materialfülle fasziniert: Ob Rückgriffe auf historische Quellen aus Nord-, Südamerika, Europa und Afrika, Interpretationen literarischer Texte und die Rezeption verschiedenster philosophischer und theoretischer Texte: Mbembe schöpft seine Thesen aus der Auseinandersetzung. Auf diese Weise werden kurze Kapitel teilweise zu Miniessays (es gibt einen wunderbaren zum Unterschied zwischen afrikanischen Islam und Christentum und einen zum "positiven Rassismus" der europäischen Avantgarde), die zum Weiterdenken und Reflektieren der eigenen Person anregen.
Very dense. I found it helpful to read more fully, sections of interest which were highlighted in the introduction. Well-translated, but the effect of the translation feels almost like reading through the poetry: meaning isn't always immediately apparent. Not a once-off read in my view but more a reference book of ideas with some inspiration from Fanon.
Mbembe gathers up strains of Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari to analyze the development of the conception of the 'Black' individual. He does this based, to a small extent, on historical sources and case studies, on a larger extent based on Fanon, Glissant and Césaire, but generally speaking based on unfalsifiable and uncontextualized generalities. As someone whose knowledge of panafricanism and the psychology of racism is rudimentary, I don't feel qualified to dismiss Mbembe's work outright, but the degree to which he goes to ignore Fanon's greatest inspiration (Marx) and to fully overlook class and imperialism, not to mention the role of international socialism in resisting it (rather, he ascribes to mutinies and rebellions an 'anarchist' ideology), makes me very conscious that Critique of the Black Reason is not the definitive statement on the genealogy of racism, but rather one take, and a liberal, idealist one at that.
At some points, when he is not losing himself in arbitrary enumerations of various abstract aspects of colonialism (or capitalism proper, of which he says that the basic foundations are a "will to supersede all barriers, and the will to merge instrument and goal" (253) - pure Adorno), he himself seems to bump into the understanding that without a historical materialist view of history, race is a mystical enigma. For instance, in chapter four, "The little secret", he urges Black people to embrace the fact that black people desired the atlantic slave trade, as it gave them access to trinkets and commodities, which melded themselves to their "fetishistic power-economies". Did all of them gain access to this? No, only the "African elites". However, for Mbembe this does not mean that the particularity of this power structure transcends the black/white divide - these elites are still taken to represent an aspect of a Blackness to which all Black people belong. Class is dodged, colonialism turned into a psychological-sadistic structure instead of an economic one (colonial overseers, so he writes, reproduce colonialism at home when they beat their wife and children. Is colonialism synonymous with violence, and does it originate from these whip-bearing grunts, whose salary is a hundredth and whose power a thousandth of the shareholders of the slave-trading companies?), even Fanon's relatively straightforward, materialist appraisal of violence (that it is a tool that must not be eschewed in the battle for liberation) is turned into a muddled metaphor for healing, re-inscribing, etcetera. That the psychological side of colonialism has vast consequences and is a legitimate (and necessary) object of study is, naturally, true, but as it functions within an idealist framework, Mbembe is unable to point to any path out of the victim-position the African 'post-colonial' people currently occupy; he ends the book with an ode to Glissant's concept of the 'tout-monde', or the One-World that is home to every human. Sure, but who lives by this vision, who doesn't, who translates this into politics and systems and who viciously tramples over it? This is left up in the air, and the reader is left with the task to remain on the defensive, shielding a set of beautiful principles from a world that is too stubborn to get it. Not even once is China's, Vietnam's, or Korea's resistance to and continuing defiance of colonialism mentioned or cited, or even considered as a possible benchmark with which to compare the struggles of the African continent.
Then again, this is the same professor who likened African students rightfully occupying a university site, built by sanitized slave labour for a colonial audience, to Boko Haram, and who writes that according to islamic scripture everything outside of the Dar al-Islam is ripe for slavery and extermination (141), so liberal wishy-washy conclusions aren't exactly a great surprise.
The title cribbed from Kant had me expecting something different, but this is a book of rhetoric and experiment, less than of formal epistemological argument. As such though, it’s fantastic, with a poetic language that makes the (frightening!) density and intelligence of the writing a bit more accessible. Mbembe offers a critique of “The Black” as a constructed historical and aesthetic subject, weaving through analyses of, among other things, Christianity, masks, fratricide, Fanon, Tutuola, and colonial bureaucracy, before arriving ultimately at a surprisingly hopeful and almost naive injunction—a Black-led quest for the universal, in contrast to the reactive wielding of difference. Too many thoughts here to fully digest, but Mbembe is pretty clearly a genius.
Choice quote: “The Black Man is the ghost of modernity”
Aos olhos do Ocidente, a história de África (mas também da América) começa com o Colonialismo, a partir do séc. XV, que aos olhos dos colonizadores, era responsável por trazer África (e a América) para o mundo, ignorando os milhões de Homens que já viviam nesses continentes, com a sua própria história, aniquilados, quando não escravizados, pelos colonizadores. Só no século XX, com as Guerras de Libertação Nacional, estes povos subjugados se conseguiram soltar das amarras do colonialismo que, entre outros, tinha trazido a escravatura e a discriminação.
Essa nova independência e liberdade não viria, no entanto, a resolver todos os problemas causados ao longo de cinco séculos, que haviam deixado graves fissuras nos colonizados. Porque, se se pode dizer que a escravatura foi efectivamente abolida e é repudiada pela grande maioria dos ocidentais de hoje, os estragos que causou não foram apagados simplesmente pela mesma ter deixado de ser imposta, já nem referindo os séculos de trabalho forçado que se seguiram. Num mundo pós-colonial, onde os povos colonizados conseguiram finalmente auto-administrar-se através de estados independentes, a memória do que se passou e, mais do que isso, as suas consequências, ainda estão inteiramente presentes quer na vida Ocidental, quer, essencialmente, na dos povos anteriormente colonizados.
Em Crítica da Razão Negra, publicado pela Antígona em 2014, Achille Mbembe, filósofo e cientista político camaronês, um dos pensadores maiores do pós-colonialismo, propõe-se agregar num livro os diferentes conceitos e abordagens que marcaram o pensamento raciocinado sobre o Negro, enquanto raça, enquanto ser. Partindo dos conceitos desenvolvidos por pensadores antes de si, dos quais Frantz Fanon merece o principal destaque, a obra remete-nos para a Négritude de Aimé Césaire ou para o Movimento Pan-Africano de Marcus Garvey, aos quais reconhece imensas valências, mas que critica por perpetuarem o conceito de raça, a distinção entre Negro e Branco. Assim, estes resgatam o Negro da subalternidade, dando-lhe uma identidade própria, tão relevante quanto a do Branco, mas continuam a manter a raça enquanto conceito diferenciador. Urge, então debater esta razão negra, como o próprio explica:
“A expressão razão negra remete para o conjunto das deliberações acerca da distinção entre o instinto animal e a ratio do homem – sendo o Negro o testemunho vivo da própria impossibilidade desta separação. (…) Debater a razão negra é, portanto, retomar o conjunto de disputas acerca das regras de definição do Negro” O que é, portanto, ser Negro? Nos dias de hoje, a raça é tomada como dado adquirido, mas “longe de ser espontânea, esta crença [na raça] foi cultivada, alimentada, reproduzida e disseminada através de um conjunto de dispositivos teológicos, culturais, políticos, económicos e institucionais, dos quais a história e a teoria crítica da raça acompanharam a evolução e as consequências ao longo dos séculos.” O Negro é, então, uma criação do colonialismo e do imperialismo, através do retirar de toda a humanidade de alguém que usava apenas em proveito próprio. Da mesma forma, “o Branco é, a vários respeitos, uma fantasia da imaginação europeia que o Ocidente se esforçou por naturalizar e universalizar.” Tudo feito para justificar um projecto imperial em que o homem branco, “confundido a “civilização” com a própria Europa”, seria, segundo o próprio, o único a possuir vontade e capacidade de construir um percurso histórico, impondo-se, com recurso à força e à violência indiscriminada, às indígenas sociedades primitivas, regidas pela “mentalidade selvagem.”
Com o apogeu do tráfico de escravos a dar-se em pleno séc. XVIII, durante o Iluminismo, o conceito de modernidade será, então, inseparável do colonialismo, “o seu advento coincide[nte] com o surgir do princípio de raça e com a lenta transformação deste princípio em paradigma principal, ontem como hoje, para as técnicas de dominação”, e do capitalismo, sendo “a colonização (…) uma forma de poder constituinte, na qual a relação com a terra, as populações e o território associa, de modo inédito na história da Humanidade, as três lógicas de raça, da burocracia e do negócio (commercium), (…) onde um sistema económico fundado na escravatura contribuirá de maneira decisiva para a acumulação primitiva de capital.” Desse modo, “as ideias modernas de liberdade, igualdade e até de democracia são (…) historicamente inseparáveis da realidade da escravatura.”
Além de “operação do imaginário”, erguida de modo a perpetuar a relação de forças e a acumulação de capital pelas potências europeias, a raça era “um dispositivo de segurança fundado naquilo que poderíamos chamar o princípio do enraizamento biológico pela espécie”, onde a diferença de qualidade entre as raças se fazia da mesma forma em que, antigamente, recorrendo à temática do sangue, se assegurava os privilégios da nobreza. Neste período pós-colonial de hoje, no entanto, o lugar da biologia foi substituído pela cultura e pela religião, tornando-se estas o novo argumentário discriminatório. Protegidos atrás de uma política de assimilação onde o objectivo é dessubstancializar a diferença, consideram-se cidadãos aptos para usufruir dos direitos cívicos apenas os indígenas “convertidos” e “cultos”.
O seu mais recente livro, Políticas de Inimizade, publicado este ano também pela Antígona, é o aprofundamento destas questões, principalmente no que toca às convergências do pensamento do autor com o de Frantz Fanon, e tomando em conta os acontecimentos que vão marcando a segunda década do séc. XXI, como a crise dos refugiados, ou o aumento securitário face às recentes vagas de terrorismo.
Para tal, parte da própria noção de democracia que, segundo o próprio, “contém em si a colónia” mas sobretudo da de soberania, expondo a sua interligação com a violência. Mbembe vai além do conceito de biopoder, de Michel Foucault, falando então de necropoder, a utilização da morte enquanto sistema de poder. Para tal, utiliza exemplos como Israel (e a Palestina), mostrando como a soberania é agora exercida através da criação de zonas de morte, onde esta se torna o último instrumento de domínio e a principal forma de resistência.
Não é só fora do Ocidente, no entanto, que os conceitos de violência e soberania estão interligados. A própria soberania, segundo o autor, demonstra a inexistência do estado de excepção, especialmente em foco nos dias de hoje em casos como o estado de emergência em França, onde, recentemente, Emannuel Macron decidiu inscrever na lei medidas que estavam consagradas apenas no dito estado de emergência, tornando-as permanentes. Atacando os direitos, da mesma forma que o fazem os actos terroristas, “o Estado securitário alimenta-se de um estado de insegurança que ele próprio fomenta e para o qual pretende ser a resposta” utilizando a “reprodução alargada do sentimento de terror” para “fabricar espantalhos destinados a meter-lhes medo.” Nada disto, irá, portanto, parar num futuro próximo, já que “a paz civil no Ocidente depende, assim, em grande medida das violências à distância, de fogos de atrocidades que se acendem, de guerras de feudos e de outros massacres que acompanha o estabelecimento de praças-fortes e de feitorias nos quatro cantos do planeta” e “da institucionalização de um regime de desigualdade à escala planetária.”
Na Europa, colocam-se “agora questões mais ou menos semelhantes àquelas que, há bem pouco tempo, inúmeras sociedades não-ocidentais, apanhadas nas malhas de forças muito mais destrutivas – como a colonização e o imperialismo – enfrentaram”. Teme-se a chegada de quem vem de fora, não se pensando que, nesses locais de onde as pessoas saem, a mesma reflexão terá sido feita quando, em termos bem mais violentos, os ocidentais lá chegaram em séculos anteriores.
Fruto desse imperialismo europeu, que levou à migração coerciva de seres de tantas outras partes do planeta, somos, e seremos sempre, seres de fronteira, “feitos de pequenos empréstimos de sujeitos estrangeiros”, e a nossa identidade não “uma questão de substância mas de plasticidade, (…) de composição, de abertura para o exterior de outra carne, de reciprocidade entre múltiplas carnes e os seus múltiplos nomes e lugares.” No entanto, “o sujeito racista reconhece, em si mesmo, a humanidade não naquilo que o faz a mesma coisa que os outros, mas naquilo que o distingue deles”, numa permanente divisão entre eles e nós, responsável pela “reprodução a uma escala molecular da violência de tipo colonial e racial.” Nesse ponto, Mbembe é muito claro: só é possível “imaginar um mundo verdadeiramente comum e uma humanidade verdadeiramente universal” quando formos capazes “de assumir as memórias de Todo o Mundo.” Até lá, muito há ainda por fazer, mas talvez ler Achille Mbembe seja um dos passos importantes nessa direcção.
Li a "Crítica da razão negra" de forma compartilhada, em uma disciplina do mestrado, e tenho bastante convicção de ser a melhor forma de se aproximar da obra do camaronês Achille Mbembe. Minha maior dificuldade com esse livro foi não ser versada no pós-estruturalismo francês, em Lacan e muito menos Deleuze - e a escrita de Mbembe, bastante poética, será completamente deleuziana, o que foi uma experiência (contraditoriamente, eu sei) quase alienante para mim. Começo por aí então: seu conteúdo será mais bem aproveitado se você tiver aproximação teórica com os pós-estruturalistas, e especialmente se você considerar que tais vertentes podem ser explicativas do mundo ao seu redor. Algumas asserções muito básicas para estes teóricos me causam desconforto enorme (como, por exemplo, de que o mundo existe por nomeação). Assim, nitidamente, os momentos mais proveitosos do livro para mim foram os que Mbembe se aproxima da obra de Frantz Fanon e Aimé Césaire. É interessante pensar que, depois de meramente sobreviver à leitura do capítulo 5 (que para mim não poderia ser mais abstrato e incompreensível - sensação que pareço dividir com meus colegas, eles sim pós-estruturalistas), no capítulo 6 ele apresenta estes dois autores importantes para o pensamento pós-colonial quase pedindo desculpas: "pode parecer que o fulano está essencializando, mas não é isso"... O que eu entendo como um pensamento concreto, a partir das condições materiais históricas do mundo, para ele precisa ser explicado para que seus leitores não o pensem como uma essencialização. Para mim, o processo explicativo inverso seria proveitoso. Ainda que Mbembe não faça nem uma única concessão ao marxismo e ao materialismo histórico de Fanon e Césaire (seus conceitos e ideias são apresentados de forma menos concreta), muitas das conclusões me parecem ser similares: proclamar a diferença é apenas um momento no processo que nos levará ao objetivo final de abolição da raça, processo que pode precisar ser atingido por vias violentas. Para mim, a diferença é que Fanon e Césaire nos apresentarão vias concretas para isso, enquanto Mbembe parece acreditar que uma revolução pelo discurso e pela linguagem é possível - ou, se ela deve ser feita concretamente, seu caminho não foi apresentado.
Many reviews and blurbs of “Critique of Black Reason” by Achille Mbembe note it as “challenging” or “demanding.” While not an easy read, a large part of the difficulty of the text emerges from its lack of structure and overall argumentative coherence, leaving one to feel as if one is reading a collection of disparate thoughts brought together in book form.
Mbembe sets out to write a genealogy of Blackness, or to pick apart Black Reason – that phenomenon of fantasy and ignorant apprehension surrounding the epistemology of the Black subject, Blackness, and Africa. However, the path often gets lost and at times it became unclear if I was reading a poor version of Paul Gilroy, a literary review of African novelists, or a history of French colonization. Clarity in the text also suffers from Mbembe’s reluctance or inability to ontologically situate Blackness, preferring to make insinuations or allow others to comment on being/nonbeing, subject/object, life/death, etc., without staking out his own claim. This makes his epistemological task all the more difficult, as it rests on unsure footing. Lastly, of course a book will be difficult when there are statements in the text that simply do not make sense or hold any water without the providing of further explication or supporting evidence, which is not offered.
There are other issues with the text, such as the focus on the nineteenth century as the key moment for racial construction, the gendering throughout of the Black Man (Hortense Spillers would like a word), and deploying as critique that which he is critiquing – namely speaking in a universalizing manner about Africa en toto or the ostensible experiences of all colonized peoples.
While I have been harsh in this review, the book is certainly not without merit and has poignant moments of analysis, in particular around colonization. It also ends in a spirit of hope and gestures towards the future, which I don’t share, but some people like that sort of thing.
ชื่อในฉบับดั้งเดิมของหนังสือเล่มนี้คือภาษาฝรั่งเศสว่า Critique De La Raison Negre ซึ่งคำว่า Negre จะหมายถึงพวกนิโกรหรือคนดำ ดังนั้นชื่อเรื่องของหนังสือในฉบับภาษาอังกฤษที่ว่า Critique of Black Reason จึงไม่ได้หมายถึงการวิพากษ์เหตุผลที่ดำมืดเท่านั้น แต่ยังมีนัยถึงการวิพากษ์ต่อเหตุผลที่อยู่เบื้องหลังการก่อร่างสร้างอัตลักษณ์ของ “คนดำ” ด้วย
Ce livre est composé d’une multitude de points qui se mélange qui semble distant mais lié tous de ce subtile fil rouge. Ce livre est spectaculaire. Ces différents chapitres offrent un buffet de dégustation varié. Le polymorphisme de cet ouvrage nous donnes la palette nécessaire pour comprendre superficiellement la complexité de ce thème. Un thème directement lié à l’universalité notre présent ,passé ou encore ce qu’on entend par « notre ou en dehors de nous ». Ce livre est une porte d’entrée pour ce thème si large. Sa structure peut-être pour certain embarbouillantes mais qui pour ma part ne m’a pas tellement entravé dans ma lecture.
Livro fundamental para se entender os horrores que fundam a Era Moderna - a partir do início do escravismo-colonialista. Mbembe denuncia o colonialismo e sua objetificação de seres humanos: africanos (as) impostos (as) à Diáspora para fins de mercantilização. Uma das melhores sacações é sobre como os europeus "inventaram" o negro, ao considerá-lo o outro, o subalterno, a vida que pode se perder e matar.
Il testo non é molto organizzato in quanto ogni capitolo sembra presentare una tesi a sé. L'argomento di fondo é sicuramente ardito ma sembra avere basi solide, lo studio che porta sul piatto schiavitù, razzismo pregiudizi fra l'antico e il moderno é un mix che analizza la contemporaneità con cristallina chiarezza. Lo consiglierei a tutti, é un tema odierno che non può essere accantonato.
Es gibt einige sehr gute Formulierungen der Essenz dieses relativ anspruchsvollen Buches. Um es in meinen Worten zu versuchen:
Seit dem Kolonialismus gibt es eine Unterscheidung zwischen Menschen und "Negern" (vom Autor mal mit Anführungszeichen geschrieben, mal ohne). Letztere sind nicht mehr als eine Ware. Im imperialistischen Kapitalismus wird nun das Konzept des "Negers" auf alle "subalternen" Menschen ausgeweitet. Dieses "Schwarzwerden der Welt" ist die titelgebende "Schwarze Vernunft". Bis hierhin ist es also klassische marxistische Klassentheorie.
Die Auflösung ist dann allerdings nicht Klassenkampf und Umsturz sondern: "[Es] sind zwei Dinge erforderlich. Einerseits gilt es, den Status des Opfers hinter sich zu lassen. Andererseits müssen wir Schluss machen mit dem 'guten Gewissen' und der Leugnung der Verantwortung. Unter diesen beiden Bedingungen werden wir eine neue Politik und eine neue Ethik formulieren können, die in der Forderung nach Gerechtigkeit gründen. Afrikaner sein heisst dann zuallererst ein freier Mensch sein oder, wie Frantz Fanon immer wieder erklärte: 'ein Mensch unter anderen Menschen' [aus Schwarze Haut, weisse Masken]. Ein von allem freier Mensch und daher frei, sich selbst zu erfinden. Die wahre Identitätspolitik besteht darin, die Fähigkeit sich selbst zu erfinden, unermüdlich zu pflegen, zu aktualisieren und zu reaktualisieren. Der Afrikazentrismus ist eine hypostasierte Abart des Wunsches der Menschen afrikanischer Herkunft, nur sich selbst gegenüber verantwortlich zu sein. Es stimmt, dass die Welt vor allem eine Form des Verhältnisses zu sich selbst ist. Aber es gibt kaum ein Verhältnis zu sich selbst, das nicht über das Verhältnis zum Anderen liefe. Der Andere, das ist die Differenz und Ähnlichkeit in einem. Was uns vorschweben muss, ist eine Politik des Menschlichen, die zutiefst eine Politik des Ähnlichen und Unseresgleichen ist, aber in einem Kontext, in dem wir vor allem auch Differenzen miteinander teilen. Und diese Differenzen müssen wir uns paradoxerweise gemein machen. Das erreichen wir über die Korrektur, das heisst Erweiterung unserer Vorstellung von Gerechtigkeit und Verantwortung." (S. 324, praktisch der Abschluss des Buches vor dem Epilog)
Zwischendurch hat das Buch ein paar Längen, deren Nuancen für die Schlussfolgerung für mich als Laien nicht offensichtlich waren. Ausserdem werden teils (philosophische?) Konzepte nicht weiter erklärt. Was bedeutet im oben zitierten Absatz zum Beispiel "Reaktualisierung"? Nach dem Konzept "(1) bisheriges Denken --> (2) Umdenken --> (3) Ziel-Welt-/Menschheitsbild" beschreibt der Autor (1) und (3) aus Sicht der "Menschen" und der "Neger". (2) wird aber nur aus Sicht der "Menschen afrikanischer Herkunft" ausgeführt (wenn ich das richtig verstehe). Es ist also doch irgendwie noch die "Opfersicht", von deren Emanzipation der Autor eigentlich aufruft. Dann wiederum ist es ja eigentlich keine Meisterleistung der erst ethologischen, jetzt kapitalistischen, Unterdrücker sein sollte. Gibt es also ein neues Welt- und Menschheitsbild, würde das aktuelle Wirtschaftssystem in dieser Form automatisch auch nicht weiter funktionieren - und das Zusammenleben dadurch endlich menschlich.
Achille Mbemben vastaus Mustan järjen kritiikissä, hänen hahmottelemansa genealogia mustuudelle ei ole ihan helpointa hahmotettavaa. Esitys on runollinen ja sangen haastavan psykoanalyyttisen kelailun kyllästämä. Onneksi sentään satuin syksyllä lukemaan Frantz Fanonin Peau noire, masques blancs'n, joka toimii jonkinlaisena perusteoksena Mbemben ajattelun pohjalla.
Mbembe on teoreetikon lisäksi historijoitsija ja kirja onkin luonteeltaan psykohistoriaa erityisesti orjakaupasta ja kolonialismista. Fanonilainen psykoanalyysi kolonisoivan väkivallan fyysis-henkisistä seurauksista on läsnä. Samoin kulmaa haetaan Foucault'n biopolitiikasta, jonka pohjalta Mbembe on aiemmin kirjoittanut nekropolitiikasta - tavasta jolla luodaan kuolemanvyöhykkeitä ja tehdään ihmisistä eläviä kuolleita. Olisi kiva jos tuo Mbemben kuuluisin teos postkoloniaalisuudesta olisi myös saatavilla suomeksi, voisi olla iisimpi aloituspiste.
No, onhan tässä kuitenkin paljon mihin tarttua. Esimerkiksi Mbemben Deleuze-Guattari-vaikutteinen ajattelu siitä miten esineiksi tai ihmismateriaaliksi hahmotetut orjat hakivat elämäänsä kuolemahallinnan keskellä samanaikaisesti moninaisia olemisen modaliteettejä ja persoonia. Rituaalit, aaveet ja erityisesti maskit ovat tässä erityisen keskeisiä - tietystä ristelevästä "hulluuden" verkostosta nousee kapinoiva merkitys.
Teologille kirjassa oli myös kiinnostavaa ajattelua kristinuskosta, joka toki (pitkälti) tulee Afrikkaan kolonialistisen lähetystyön kautta, mutta sen vakaumus Jeesuksen kuolemasta ristillä tuo tietynlaisen universalismin nekropolitiikan kohteille. Itse hahmotin tämän niin, että Jeesus edustaa toisten puolesta kuolemisen eetosta, joka taas on vastakkainen alistetulle singulaariselle kuolemalle ja kärsivälle. Tämä taas nivoutui yhteen Fanonin kolonisoitujen vastaväkivaltaan, jossa kuolema, joka ei ole valkoisten länkkäreiden osa (vrt. miten kirjoitetaan yhdestä tai muutamasta kuolleesta valkoisesta vs. kymmenistä, sadoista tai tuhansista mustista) tulee myös valkoisia koskevaksi.
Okei, mutta tosiaan se mitä Mbembe lopulta kirjassa esittää on tietynlainen afrosentrinen itse-psykoanalyysi - tietynlaisen ja moninaisen mustan erityisyyden kielten näppäilyä. Suhde itseen on äärimmäisen keskeinen, mutta se on aina myös suhde Toiseen. Mbembe toteaa lopuksi, että meidän on tehtävä, paradoksaalisesti, näistä toinen-toinen eroista yhteisiä. Erojen jakaminen - sen kautta että laajennamme käsitystämme oikeudenmukaisuudesta ja vastuusta - mahdollistaa yhteisen olemisen moneudessa. Kirja siis, Puhtaan järjen kritiikin tavoin, analysoi niitä (joskaan tässä tapauksessa ei-transsendentaaleja) ennakkoehtoja, jotka inhimilliselle kokemukselle on asetettu. Ja siis tämä oli oikeasti aika haastavaa settiä, odotan, että joku joskus selittää mulle mitä Mbembe oikeasti tarkoittaa.
"إن القاسم المشترك بيننا جميعًا هو الشعور أو الرغبة في أن كل واحد منا يجب أن يكون إنسانًا كاملًا. إن الرغبة في بشرية كاملة هي رغبة نتشارك فيها جميعًا. ونتشارك أكثر في الحوار والبعد. سواء أردنا ذلك أم لا، تظل الحقيقة هي أننا جميعًا نتشارك في هذا العالم، فهو كل مالدينا" أشيل مبيمبي
الكتاب كتبه بالفرنسية CRITIQUE DE LA RAISON NÈGRE أشيل مبيمبي وهو فيلسوف كاميروني، أستاذ الفلسفة والعلوم السياسية في معهد تابع لجامعة ويتواتراسراند، جوهانسبرج، يُعتبر المُنظر الأهم لاعادة الاعتبار للزنوجة كمفهوم فلسفي.
نقدٌ يُقرأ بتأني، عن العنصرية، التاريخ الضخم الذي بدأ من تجارة العبيد، الاستعمار الاوروبي وهراء الإنسانية التي يدعونها! حكى الكاتب عن الخطابات التي ربطت الزنوجة بما ليس بشريًا، كما أشار للفروق الجوهرية في تجارب السود.
الكتاب مُقسم إلى ستة فصول: موضوع العرق، بئر الخيال، الاختلاف وتقرير المصير، السر الصغير، قداس للعبد، مشفى للذات، تعرفت في كل منهم على ذاك الآخر، المرتبط فعليًا بصورة اعلامية معينة ربما، غالبًا بجهل مُكرس لمحدودية اطلاعنا وانفتاحنا على المختلف.
لفت أشيل في أكثر من موضع إلى فرانز فانون، المناضل الجزائري الفرنسي متبنيًا أفكاره، وفنّد كثير من الصور العنصرية التي رسمها كُتاب معظمهم فرنسيين، وحتى الرسامين! توقف كذلك عند شخصية المرأة الزنجية التي شكلت خصوبة للتعبير عن التفرقة!
قيام دور النشر مؤخرًا بترجمة الأدب الأفريقي لاشك يفتح للقراء أبواب تلك العوالم الغامضة، يكشف هواجس شعوبها، حضارتها و ثقافاتها ا��متنوعة.
كتاب غني جدير بالمطالعة، يحوي مقدمتين مثمرتين، أولاهما للمترجم المحترف د. خالد قطب، الأخرى لمترجم الطبعة الانجليزية لوران دوبوا.
▪️لقد كشف مبيمبي أن عوامل عديدة شكلت العقل الزنجي منها التاريخي ومنها ماهو حقيقي ومنها ماهو منسوب إليه زورًا عبر روايات الرحالة والمستكشفين والجنود والمغامرين والتجار والمبشرين والمستوطنين، فضلًا عن المستعمر بوسطائه ومؤسساته ومجتمعاته البحثية ومعارضه العالمية ومتاحفه والتي حولت هذا العقل الى مظهر من مظاهر البدائية. خالد قطب
▪️إن هذا الكتاب مخصص لأولئك الذين رُفض حقهم في الحصول على حقوقهم، وأولئك الذين طُلب منهم ألا يتحركوا، أولئك الذين أُقصوا، أو نُفوا، أو طردوا، إنهم المعذبون الجدد في الأرض. لوران دوبوا
ويبقى تساؤل أشيل الأزلي مرافقًا حتى آخر سطر "كيف يمكن المرء كتابة التاريخ في غياب الآثار التي تعمل كمصادر لواقعة مؤرخة؟"
Mit dem Titel „Kritik der schwarzen Vernunft“ stellt sich Achille Mbembe provokant in die direkte Nachfolge von Immanuel Kant. Doch Mbembe dreht den Spieß der Aufklärung um: Es geht ihm nicht um eine Kritik an der Vernunft schwarzer Menschen, sondern um die schonungslose Kritik jener westlichen Rationalität, die die Kategorie des „Negers“ überhaupt erst erfinden musste. Diese „schwarze Vernunft“ versteht Mbembe als Denkordnung des Westens, als ideologische und epistemologische Grundlage des Kapitalismus. Sie ist die Maschine, die „Rasse“ und „Neger“ als ökonomische Konstrukte hervorbringt – geschaffen, um Menschen zu Ware und zu menschlichem Metall zu degradieren. Der transatlantische Sklavenhandel ist daher für ihn kein bloßes Verbrechen der Vergangenheit. Er ist die Geburtsstunde der modernen ökonomischen Logik – eine Blaupause für die totale Ausbeutung durch Entmenschlichung. Mbembe zeigt, wie dieses System die formale Abschaffung der Sklaverei mühelos überlebt hat. Das Stigma bleibt. Die Assoziation von „Neger“ und „Knechtschaft“ ist tief in die sozialen und symbolischen Strukturen eingeschrieben. In seiner Kernthese vom „Schwarzwerden der Welt“ argumentiert Mbembe, dass die am „Neger“ erprobte Logik der Prekarisierung und Ausbeutung heute globalisiert ist – und nun ihr eigenes Zentrum rekolonisiert. Intellektuell steht Mbembe fest auf den Schultern von Frantz Fanon. Fanon ist kein überholtes Vorbild, sondern das Fundament. Er war es, der die tiefen psychischen Verheerungen des Rassismus analysierte und zugleich den unzerstörbaren Kern des Widerstands erkannte – jenes Unbezähmbare im Menschen, das sich der totalen Objektifizierung widersetzt. Mbembe greift Fanons Denken auf, um die Spannung zwischen der brutalen Konstruktion des „Negers“ und der unaufhörlichen menschlichen Selbstbehauptung neu zu vermessen. Mbembes Buch ist somit eine Genealogie unserer Gegenwart – eine Archäologie jener Denksysteme, die einst den Sklaven rationalisierten und heute die globalisierte Welt prägen. Es ist keine Fußnote zu Fanon, sondern dessen Fortsetzung in der Spätmoderne.
In this work the author discusses how the africans have been racialized and blackness as a race socially and politically constituted. Enslavement of African people is a result of rising capitalism and its need for labour power. Western mind exploited "reason" as a tool to build domination over the rest of the world. Modernity became the ideology of European expansion. In a sense, science and philosophy justified and paved the way for domination, expansion and enslavement. The relationship between the colonizer and the colonized is based on violence that exercised by the colonizer. The colonized has no history, a dream, future or past; it is there just as an object. He stands at the attention of his master. Master is the determinant of everthing in the life of the slave. He plays the role of the God; omnipotent, omnipresent and omniscient. He recreates blackness in his imagination. He is not worth anything. He must be ordered, humiliated and exercised power and violence over his body and mind. In the course of production, he is a tool but productive, at the same time represents a sinister personality and destiny. His is honour and dignity has been disgraced and so much so that spirit has vanished. He is not himself anymore. He is the person that the master created in his mind as the symbol of otherness and degradation. The solution for the colonized to build an egalitarian and libertarian society is first of all not to imitate his oppressors. The colonized whether black or colured has to invent his own dream and an original vision for the future. For Fanon the only way to restore the damaged spirit and disgraced dignity of the colonized is to develope contra-violence against oppressors. Therefore, Fanon justifies the resistance of the "wretched of the world" premised on violence.
I'm convinced that people who give this book above 3 stars are unfamiliar with most of the canon of critical race theory, negritude, etc, in the US. And perhaps that's well and fine, he's a philosopher doing work in Africa, perhaps the work is for those unfamiliar with traditions so centered in the Americas. Nevertheless: There's no new information in this text-- but it's supposed to be a genealogy, so, again: fine. But where most genealogies synthesize the evolution of terms in order to present us with new and useful information, Mbembe presents us with a strange libinal-political-economy of Blackness (Chapters 4 and 5, the "crux" of his book, which I found obnoxious to read), grand claims without cition or demonstration of his argument, and a glib summary of work that Glissant has already done sandwiched between platitudes and sloppy historical work. Not really worth reading unless you want a facile summary of the past 150 years of Black intellectual work in between statements like:
"If there is a secret to the colony, it is clearly this: the subjection of the native by way of desire... Blacks remember the colonial potentate as a founding trauma, yet at the same time refuse to admit their unconscious investment in the colony as a desire-producing machine."
and
"The real is composed of several layers or sheets, several envelopes. It is an uncomfortable thing, one that can only be seized in bits, provisionally, through a multiplicity of approaches. And even if seized, it can never be reproduced or represented either fully or accurately. In the end there is always a surplus of the real that only those endowed with extra capacities can access."
Há obras - não muitas - que, pelo seu peso cognitivo e inovação intelectual, se diferenciam. Esta, de Achille Mbembe, é um desses casos perfeitos, ocupando um lugar favorito na minha coleção. O filósofo camaronês analisa a construção histórica da ideia de “raça” enquanto instrumento de dominação política, económica e cultural. Por relacionar capitalismo e colonialismo, ensaiando os trânsitos que a ideia de “negro” assumiu nestes sistemas, obtemos uma visão diferenciada sobre o tráfico de escravos, o racismo e ou as teorias sociais contemporâneas. Mbembe dialoga com diversos autores, como Arendt, Foucault ou Fanon, para discutir papéis de violência, (des)igualdade e cultura no processo de globalização do discurso negro, sobretudo a partir de experiências específicas (escravatura, colonização e apartheid). Nesta discussão, a critica económica é central porque “tanto a plantação como a colónia foram originariamente dispositivos raciais num cálculo geral sustentado pela relação de troca baseada na propriedade e no lucro.”
Mas também em relação à teoria da história é possível perceber o contributo relevante de Mbembe, no quadro do pós-colonialismo que tem revitalizado a discussão historiográfica, nomeadamente quanto à forma como os processos históricos podem ser interpretados, mediante um quadro conceptual de geografia mais global.
Porém, ainda que Mbembe interprete o processo histórico relativo à ideia de “raça” como “um processo de habituação à morte do outro”, encerra com uma proposta de reparação e restituição de humanidade à parte que fora privada, com vista à prossecução de uma consciência comum e universal, para lá da ideia de “raça” e das suas pesadas heranças.
Good book. Very French and dramatic in its language and sentence style so if you can get past that there are some great quotes on the racial elements of modernity’s foundations.
At the beginning he sounded a bit like an old man ranting about technology and genetic modification for no reason but he didn’t bring that topic up again which was good.
There was a chapter on African fiction as well that made little sense and little impact which could have been left out. Despite being an interesting topic it was a confusing and poorly written chapter with no impact on me.
It was also highly patriarchal with very few references to women and the vast majority of sources, references, examples and ideas being men. At the beginning I was also afraid he was drifting into racial essentialism and believing there is a biological thing called race and a real ‘black people’, but as the book went on he reaffirmed more and more that race means nothing outside of its social construct created by Europeans in the 1500s and then taken by anti-colonialists in the 20th century as a battle cry via negritude and pan Africanism (both of which still refer to a social construct unifying people via social oppression rather than fixed biological reality uniting black people).
A good mix of anti-colonial/ post colonial writing mixed with critical theory. Extensive references to Fanon and Cesaire, and some dubious referencing to pseudoscientific black psycho-sexual analysis taken from Freud and a typical strange part of French philosophy.