Even thirty-five years after we first heard about it, public history remains poorly understood, awkwardly defined and generally little known. For that reason, although the seasoned historian might gawk at its title, Introduction to Public History is a timely contribution, one that aims at providing a foundational text that supports professional practice in bringing research insights at people’s own doorsteps.
In some 180 pages, Lyon, Nix and Shrum offer myriad of ideas for public historians, including case studies and teaching resources. They begin in by linking very explicitly public history to education as way of an analogy. Pages 16-17 indeed suggest didactic activities to implement in and out of the classroom, which may be useful for both the teaching historian and the practicing historian.
Chapter 2 makes the case of history as a practice, arguing that, “When people start doing history instead of simply learning history, they quickly realize that history is not a tidy narrative waiting for a student to memorize.” (p23). Afterwards, they go through an overview of the methods historians use in an attempt to illustrate what it is to think historically. Different lenses such as cause and effect, change and continuity, and turning points are briefly explained here, but more importantly, the text encourages readers to look around as they develop this type of thinking.
While Chapter 3 focuses on a practical case, it makes a significant contribution to the study of oral sources. By using the example of a project called Baltimore ’68, it shows how an exhibition of newspapers talking about a particular event can be used as a prompt for the public to tell their own stories as narrators. “Experients”, they explain, “become narrators when they formally record oral history from their perspective […] Given the interview format, they might be called interviewees, or in research terms they may be called research subjects […] narrator emphasizes the agency one has in the telling of his or her own memories of the past” (p.39).
And yet, what I am most grateful for is, I confess, putting a name to a method I have always used but not without having some feeling of guilt for violating traditional wisdom in the practice of interviewing. It is called ‘Walking and Talking’ as, just like many encounters with interviewees, it involves a different approach to producing oral narrative recordings. They explain on page 54, “Going into a woman’s home to conduct a traditional interview, sitting down with an expert conducting an interview with an informant or human subject, would not encourage asylum seeking women to develop trust or feel safe revealing the kind of information [needed].” Borrowing O’Neill’s technique*, they explain how ‘walking interviews’ in particular spaces can help individuals to feel safer and more empowered while creating their narratives. O’Neill herself puts it, what emerges through the process is “a relational, sensuous, kinaesthetic, democratic and participatory process of collaborative co-production leading to ‘connection’, ‘attunement’ and understanding’”**. (p.152) Of course, this method is helpful not only when involving ‘vulnerable’ individuals, and certainly not only for oral history research.
In addition, we are given recommendations for before, during and after the interview, through detailed ‘how to’ guidelines. Similarly, they provide examples of how to integrate objects into narratives, because “[a]rt has a fantastic way of challenging the way we see the world” (p53), and argument I agree with, because after an aesthetic experience we go back to the world and judge it with a whole new set of parameters. It is interesting, though, that while rich methodological insights for oral historians are contained mostly in Chapter 3, they do not constitute a chapter of its own – this being a book on public history, not oral history. Yet, chapters 2 and 3 together are, perhaps, the highlight of the book.
As the second half of the book unfolds, we are given more practical examples about how put together collections and set exhibitions. One of the examples is the Museum of Memory and Human Rights, at Santiago de Chile, which despite criticisms for being ‘too leftist’, is inspiring for the way resources and technologies are used in explaining complex processes in an accessible way as to make the visitors approach that historical time as if the had lived it themselves.
Introduction to Public History is an engaging must-read book which, although seemingly intended for students of public history, will also be useful for lecturers, professional public historians and oral historians.
* Maggie O’Neill and Phil Hubbard, “Walking, Sensing, Belonging: Ethno-mimesis as Performative Praxis,” Visual Studies 25:1 (2010): 46-58.
** Maggie O’Neill. Asylum, migration and community. Bristol: Policy Press, 2010.
Ricardo Ayala, PhD
Ghent University
Belgium