This book had been penned by veteran Indian journalist Sanjoy Hazarika, who hails from the Northeastern state of Assam, and chronicles the factors that led to the development of militancy in Northeast India. The book was published in 1990s.
The Northeast of India consists of the following eight states: Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghlaya, Mizoram (collectively called the Seven Sisters) and Sikkim.
The state of Assam had been mentioned in the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata and other religious texts such as the Puranas. There had been contacts and cultural and religious exchange between the people of Assam with the peoples of rest of India. The Assamese kings had formed military and matrimonial alliances with their counterparts from the mainland. Moreover, the said kings were mostly devotees of the Hindu deities and extended patronage to the study of the Sanskrit language.
Historically, these states had never been conquered by any ruler from the Indian mainland, the Mughals, the Turks and some others did invade Assam numerous times but were never able to conquer the state. However, the Northeast did become victim of the British imperialism esp. Assam and though the British did send expeditions eastward they only exercised a loose control over the various tribes who inhabited the beautiful region.
The people of Northeast have Mongoloid features unlike the various ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent.
The first section of the book has been aptly named The Bangladesh Syndrome because mass immigration of people from Bangladesh was one of the major reasons that triggered militancy in the Northeast. The author has done a good job of explaining the geographic, economic and religious reasons behind the mass immigration.
This problem had started during the British period. At that time Bangladesh was still a part of India and the people would flock to the sparsely populated Northeastern states, illegally grab the highly fertile land and settle down. As their numbers grew, the demography of the Northeastern states saw a marked change. The discovery of oil and tea in Assam would mean that the Brits would keep sending laborers (many of whom had been kidnapped by agents paid by the Brits and lived like slaves) and other people from outside to the state, thereby changing the demography even more.The locals were distrustful of the immigrants and feared that they would loose their own land, language, culture and identity.
Many of the Bangladeshi immigrants were Muslims and as usual political parties, both Congress and the Muslim League used this to indulge in dirty vote bank politics using religion. The sections detailing these were very informative.
Anyways, India achieved independence and the region now called Bangladesh became a part of Pakistan. However, this did not stop the influx of millions of people into the Northeast and the Indian subcontinent. Political turmoil, penury and religious persecution of the Hindus led to many more people coming to India.
Hazarika explains in his book, that the Central Govt. of India turned a deaf ear to the genuine pleas of help from Assam and the illegal land grabbing became epidemic. As usual, it was the politicians who created the mess. The arrogant politicians and bureaucrats of the Central Govt. had scant sensitivity towards the people of Northeast and also the various state governments were more interested in scoring political goals than doing anything useful. Many tribal groups were apprehensive that their culture and language would be suppressed by the Indian subcontinent -this fear was baseless as the people of the Indian subcontinent are not a homogeneous entity,they speak in multiple languages and each region has its own distinct culture, festivals and cuisine. This diversity in my humble opinion makes the country so fascinating. Thus began the militancy which ravaged the beautiful Northeast, where various groups based on ethnic identities, religion, language declared war against the Government of India which retaliated by deploying the Armed Forces.
The militants would launch guerrilla attacks on the numerically superior Indian Army and then flee into the dense forests. The real victim of the militants were the helpless people whom they called outsiders. The militants carried out massacres on these defenseless people. To demonstrate the brutality of the militants I am quoting the author about an attack carried out against a small village of Bengalis in Tripura: "It was the first time that I saw a senior army officer break down as he surveyed the carnage. The hatred of the attackers was clear: a two-year-old-child had been split in two and laid on the either side of its (dead) mother. The only living creature in that village that day was a dog, .... (I debated putting the brutality in my review, but I felt that this describes the brutality inflicted by the militants and show what they were)
The author clearly demonstrates how the common man of the Northeast - the indigenous population, who had nothing to do with any militancy became the ultimate victim being stuck between the militants on one hand and the security forces on the other. Unfortunately some soldiers tortured the common people as well.
Many of the militants later turned on the people on whose behalf they claimed to be fighting -- they turned extortionists, kidnappers and started killing people on mere suspicions of being government collaborators. The groups saw brutal infighting as well. Some of them seeing the hopelessness of taking on the might of the Indian Army and fed up with the hardships of life in the forests, surrendered and became politicians -- but some hardliners carried on.
The geo-politics of that time is also detailed out -- the militants received help in the form of money, training and arms from India's neighbors - China, Pakistan and ironically Bangladesh. They used this opportunity to try to destabilize India and keep her forces bogged down in a domestic war. The author also informs us that some Britishers, who could not accepted loosing the "jewel" in their empire's crown, also instigated militancy in the Northeast.
Politicians played their games but it is always the common man who suffers. The loss of lives of all the people involved was meaningless - the common man, the soldier is somebody's son and father too, the young person brainwashed to become a militant who could have had better life as an honest citizen. The funds spent by the Govt. of India and the respective state governments in fighting militancy could have been better spent in developing the region. Despite having a highly educated populace, the Northeast is yet to reach its full potential.
The author has also given his views as to how the situation can be improved in the Northeast - some of them looked nice on paper but seemed like wishful thinking coming from an experienced journalist like him.
As I have mentioned before, the book was published in the early 1990s and a lot has changed since then. The militancy in the Northeast, though not obliterated, is not so dangerous as before. The problem of illegal immigrants in the Northeast continues and the spread of jihadi radicalization among them as well as crimes committed by them against the locals makes the situation volatile still.
Writing a book about such a sensitive and controversial topic is not easy.I appreciate the effort made by the author in writing this book and he has done a good job indeed. He himself interviewed many dreaded militant leaders, army officers, intelligence agents, senior politicians and bureaucrats as well as the common man to depict the truth. He has presented a balanced and unbiased account of the events and one can learn something about the region and its problems. Initially I was apprehensive that this book might be a propaganda piece but was glad to discover that it was not. You know, parts of the books about militants, soldiers, spies, terrorist training camps, covert evacuation of executives of an international firm from their quarters by the Indian security forces -- make it read like a thriller, but it was no fiction and real blood had been spilled.
I don't know if it is the best book to learn about the Northeast but I found it to be good and definitely worthy of being read.