SHOULD THE "DISEASE MODEL" OF MENTAL ILLNESS BE ABANDONED?
Joanna Moncrieff is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mental Health Sciences at University College London, and is co-founder of the Critical Psychiatry Network. She has also written books such as 'The Bitterest Pills: The Troubling Story of Antipsychotic Drugs,' 'Straight Talking Introduction to Psychiatric Drugs,' 'De-Medicalizing Misery: Psychiatry, Psychology and the Human Condition,' etc.
She wrote in the first chapter of this 2009 book, "Since the 1960s we have lived in an age characterized by the idea that drugs can cure the problems that are now referred to as 'mental illness'... By 'cure' I mean the idea that drugs can improve symptoms by helping to rectify the underlying pathological mechanism that is presumed to give rise to the symptoms in the first place... The story by which drugs first came to be seen in this way, as specific treatments for specific mental disorders ... and whether or not this way of thinking about drugs and their actions is justified, are the subjects of this book." (Pg. 1)
She adds, "Over the following pages I hope to convince readers that the modern understanding of what drugs do in psychiatry ... is fatally flawed; that most knowledge about psychiatric drugs is, at best, only a partial account. This is because it ... has been inspired and promoted by professional, commercial and political interests. This misconception has led to the misdirection of research, the misinterpretation of available evidence and the obstruction of a fuller and more accurate understanding of what psychiatric drugs do." (Pg. 2)
She argues, "The disease-centered model has been imported from general medicine, where... most drug action can be appropriately understood in this way." (Pg. 7) She says, "This book concerns the creation of a myth, the myth of the disease-centered model of drug action, and how that myth could be accepted as a real description of the world." (Pg. 11) She adds, "I will... attempt to uncover the interests that led to the development and success of the disease-centered model of drug action and its accompanying model of psychic distress... I will outline an alternative 'drug-centered' approach that is consistent with a wide range of evidence, yields more information about what effects drugs have in different situations and forms a better basis from which to weigh the pros and cons of drug treatment." (Pg. 13)
She points out, "A further problem with modern clinical drug trials is that people are usually dropped from the study once they relapse or if they stop the study drug for any reason. Therefore, there is no information about the ultimate outcome of these participants... In addition, we know that positive studies are more likely to be published than negative ones... and within published studies measures that show positive effects are reported and negative ones sometimes ignored ... Therefore, published data is likely to be inaccurately skewed towards showing beneficial effects of treatment." (Pg. 20-21)
She concludes, "The data surveyed in this book suggest that psychiatric drug treatment is currently administered on the basis of a huge collective myth; the myth that psychiatric drugs act by correcting the biological basis of psychiatric symptoms or diseases... the evidence suggests that these drugs induce characteristic abnormal states that can account for their so-called therapeutic effects." (Pg. 237)
She adds, "this book demonstrates the eagerness of the psychiatric profession to embrace the myth of disease-specific treatments. This is understandable, given the profession's long-standing battle to align itself squarely as a branch of the medical profession... From the beginning of the 20th century psychiatry sought to relocate its practice in general hospitals and outpatient departments. Drug treatments, if they could be presented as acting on a disease process, were well suited to this new environment... The psychiatric profession was supported in its aims by a State that was seeking technical solutions for various social problems. Psychiatry offered the possibility of transforming the complex political problem of how to manage psychiatric disturbance into a medical and technical issue... the ability to remove difficult issues of social control from the political arena was appealing... The new drugs... helped justify both the turn towards community care and the development of more medicalized legislation." (Pg. 243)
This critique will be "must reading" for anyone studying the modern role of psychopharmacology---whether or not one always agrees with Moncrieff.