Birth of lowercase alphabet
Charlemagne wanted a standard script used in books across his empire. The resulting CAROLINGIAN MINISCULE was the basis of our lowercase alphabet.
The secret of silk
The first evidence of silk production in China dates to 2500 BCE, but according to legend, EMPRESS LEIZU (wife of Huangdi) introduced the silkworm as early as 3000 BCE. This talented queen invented the loom, too. Silkmaking was a closely guarded state secret—revealing any detail outside China was punishable by death!
Simplest definition of communism and fascism
After World War I, there was political unrest in Europe. Some believed communism (power to the workers) was the answer. Others, such as Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, believed in a form of nationalism called FASCISM, where a strong leader controlled a society made up of people of the same race, while those of different races were persecuted.
Death by tortoise
Writing tragedies was the speciality of the ancient Greek AESCHYLUS, but he couldn’t have imagined his own tragic end. According to legend, he was killed in 456 BCE when an eagle dropped a tortoise on his bald head, mistaking it for a rock that would crack the tortoise’s shell.
Birdcage brainchild/ skyscraper
Very tall buildings were the brainchild of 19th-century American architect William Le Baron Jenney. After seeing his wife put a heavy book on top of a birdcage, Jenney saw that a METAL FRAME could support a great weight. He wondered if it would work for buildings.
Birth/purchase of USA
1773 Boston Tea Party Trouble brewed in Britain’s American colonies when settlers objected to paying sky-high taxes on goods. When shiploads of imported tea arrived in BOSTON, the locals wouldn’t pay the duty. Disguising themselves as Native Americans, they dumped the tea into the harbor. This act of defiance against British rule led directly to the American Revolution.
1803 Louisiana Purchase At the beginning of the 19th century, a huge chunk of America belonged to France, about 800,000 sq miles (2 million sq km) called the LOUISIANA TERRITORY. The French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, losing interest in it, sold Louisiana to President Thomas Jefferson for $15 million dollars, doubling US territory.
After Texas became part of the United States in 1846, the USA and Mexico fought a war over the state’s boundary lines. The quarrel ended with the TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO, under which the borders were agreed. Mexico also agreed to give the USA another $15 million worth of territory. This handover, or cession, included what would later be called California.
1867 Purchase of Alaska
The home of polar bears, and RUSSIAN TERRITORY at this time, was up for sale, all 586,412 sq miles (1,518,800 sq km) of it. Russia offered the land to the USA for $7.2 million. The deal, agreed by the Secretary of State William Seward, was seen by many as crazy—until gold was discovered in Alaska 30 years later.