Gezeiten des Geistes: Die Vermessung unseres Bewusstseins

by David Gelernter

Es ist nur eine Frage der Zeit, bis Computer dem menschlichen Geist überlegen sind und künstliche Intelligenz auch unser Bewusstsein überformt — so das Credo der Naturwissenschaften. David Gelernter, Philosoph und Visionär, stellt die Technikgläubigkeit vom Kopf auf die Füße: Das Spektrum unseres Bewusstseins ist so vielgestaltig, so schöpferisch und so einzigartig, dass kein Computerprogramm dem je gleichkäme. Unser Geist kann sich von Regeln frei machen und gänzlich Neues erschaffen. Das zeigen die Werke von Shakespeare, Homer und Proust. Kreativität und die Fähigkeit zur Introspektion sind nur dem Menschen gegeben. Und die Erkenntnisse von Descartes, Searle und Freud haben im digitalen Zeitalter eine größere Bedeutung denn je. Gezeiten des Geistes lotet die Tiefen des Bewusstseins aus und gibt uns ein neues Verständnis von dem, was das Wesen des Menschen ausmacht.

Genres: Psychology, Nonfiction, Science, Philosophy, Neuroscience

414 pages, Kindle Edition

First published February 1, 2016

About the author

Librarian Note: There is more than one author by this name in the Goodreads database.

David Hillel Gelernter (born March 5, 1955) is an artist, writer, and professor of computer science at Yale University. He is a former national fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and senior fellow in Jewish thought at the Shalem Center, and sat on the National Endowment for the Arts. He publishes widely; his work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, New York Post, LA Times, Weekly Standard, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, and elsewhere. His paintings have been exhibited in New Haven and Manhattan.

He is known for contributions to parallel computation and for books on topics including computed worlds ("Mirror Worlds"), and what he sees as the destructive influence of liberal academia on American society, expressed most recently in his book America-Lite: How Imperial Academia Dismantled Our Culture (and Ushered in the Obamacrats).

In 1993 he was sent a mail bomb in the post by Ted Kaczynski, known as the Unabomber, which almost killed him and left him with some permanent disabilities: he lost the use of his right hand and his right eye was permanently damaged.

(From Wikipedia)

Reviews

[Alan · Rating 3 out of 5]

I was going to give this a two-star rating, but the concept is just too interesting. Rambled quite a bit, and about 99% of his references were from classical literature, as opposed to empirical scientific literature. Could have been about 100 pages to the same effect.

[Chase Matthews · Rating 1 out of 5]

Easily the worst book I've ever read. If you love neuroscience then you shouldn't touch this book with a 10 foot pole. 200 literary citations and almost no empirical evidence to back up any of the author's claims. Throw in some anti-science sentiments and a secret religious agenda added in at the end of the book, I can almost guarantee anyone capable of critical thought will walk away feeling offended. The copy I bought now lives in a trash can so hopefully no one else can be afflicted by it.

[Paul Peterson · Rating 5 out of 5]

This author's father was one of the creators of the Artificial Intelligence field and he's been studying the mind his entire life. He says computers cannot replace the human mind and tells why. Also reinforces my belief that most scientists believe in God, contrary to popular culture's twist on reality.

"Shakespeare's "Winter's Tale" (and a million other witnesses) remind us that winter, as well as evening, makes us look inside, to the inner field of consciousness and the storytelling end of the spectrum".

"I think that, in truth, nearly all of us do believe in God, although we don't realize it ourselves. The idea of God shocks and horrifies us. The original, most basic repressed idea of the modern psyche is our belief in God. The fact that we do believe proves nothing, except how much mind fashions change, and how much they matter."

"To learn how to communicate with their fellow human beings, young people must turn off Facebook, shut down their computers, and look people in the eye, listen to their voices, watch their gestures. They must look for subtleties and ponder their meanings. They must learn to read, not words (which are easy) but people - and that requires a whole childhood and adolescence to learn."

"Modern-day relations between science and religion are all wrong. "Science" has no more right to pontificate about religion than it does about field hockey of dog shows. Science does not have an unmatched record of producing useful tools. It should produce intellectual tools for the use of religious thinkers as it does for so many other fields, deliver them, and keep its adolescent wisecracks to itself."

[Pranjal Sahu · Rating 5 out of 5]

Very glad to have read this book !

You can take this book as a model of what is called intelligence in common terms. He discusses the mind/intelligence in terms of a spectrum and discusses the role of each part of the spectrum and how they interact with each other. Each part has a role to play. He discusses how a similar model would look like for an AI and what challenges and limitations it can have (although this part is very briefly discussed). The author models our mind in the form of a spectrum with high spectrum dealing with logic (consciousness) and lower spectrum dealing with art (dreams). He argues that in our current studies, a very important part of our mind's functioning i.e. dreams have been neglected. He discusses how dreams are the reflection of the conscious mind and why sometimes the dreams show us the future.

Spectrum Law: The mind is in business to make sense. Up-spectrum, it makes sense by making logic. Down-spectrum, it makes sense by creating stories.

He tries to explain his findings/observations by giving examples from work of prominent writers such as Shakespere, Jane austen, Tosltoy etc. Personally, I find his observations very convincing and the book helped me find answers to some of my own questions such as what is creativity and its source ?


My favorite part of this book is the chapter titled "Analogies and creative inspiration" where he discusses creativity and therefore I will write about it more. The author first explains that the purpose of the lower spectrum is to create long term memories and explains the process where our mind while sleeping accumulates, processes, forms connections and develops long-lasting memories. It is this memory creation process during which analogies are formed by abstracting things which is the primary source of creativity. He argues that creativity is nothing but forming analogies and unlike logical problems, there is no fixed procedure/algorithm for creating ideas. Here I would like to give one famous example which somehow author missed in this book, which is about the discovery of the structure of Benzene. As mentioned in Wikipedia-

"Kekule said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake seizing its own tail".

He has given many such examples to demonstrate how the lower spectrum i.e. the part of mind dealing with dreams is behind creativity.

Spectrum becomes a metaphor for the most dramatic split between science and art we have ever known.

He also discusses the role emotions in our mind's functioning. He argues that emotions act as a memory cue. They are a good way of summarizing information and can act as information retrieval keys. He then gives a number of examples where he shows how one emotion leads to some long forgotten experience which can trigger a series of recollections. Technically, emotions are information retrieval keys. I don't know how much the Computer Science community is aware of these concepts but I can easily see the resemblance of current database design to the model of mind author has proposed. A typical Database such as Postgres, processes queries like read/write while in active usage. And to speed up this process, long-lasting connections called indexes are created, when the database load is low which is very similar to the spectrum model author has proposed.

Another interesting chapter of this book is related to body language where he discusses why mind and body are needed to function together. He shows that a mind is a function of the body also and in fact, he says body plays the major role. He then shows how strong communicator our body language is, which I would say is very well known.


Towards the end of this book, he takes examples from child psychology to justify his model.

A very well researched book and highly recommended. I feel very fortunate that this book was referred to me.

[Steven · Rating 5 out of 5]

Important Call for Rethinking the Workings of the Mind

This builds on Freud by carefully breaking down the structure, functions and interaction of thought, memory and emotion. It is an important work by one of our most gifted thinkers. Gelernter underestimates the developing power and potential of computing in my estimation, but focuses the reader on the awesome and beautiful powers of the mind, on how deeply far away science is from adequately exploring creativity, memory and emotion and on the benefits of personally reflecting on one's non-analytical self.

[Yogodot · Rating 2 out of 5]

Disappointing. I was ready for a revolutionary new way of conceptualizing consciousness, but I kept waiting for it, chapter after chapter. Gelernter admits that his themes are mostly common sense; his literary quotes and metaphors reflect his apparent faith in folk psychology as the true view of consciousness. He's telling us what we already know. He delivers such breakthrough revelations as "two memories can evoke similar feelings." Ready to resurrect Freud again?? Don't waste my time.

[Matt Hale · Rating 3 out of 5]

Interesting concepts and thought provoking, but not always accurate in my personal experience. I was hoping to see more about how they might apply to artificial intelligence, which is his original field.

[Alex Lee · Rating 3 out of 5]

Gelernter writes this book about consciousness -- although as a scientist -- he takes much of his argument for this book from literature and speculative psychology/psychoanalysis. He doesn't seek to provide the science per se, but instead argues for a model of the mind that looks at different affective relationships for thinking, creativity, and every-day awareness as it relates to cognitive development and memory. This is an unusual book for that reason, a scientist who seeks to be more literary/psychoanalytical in approach -- offering a qualitative model rather than a quantitative model. This is certainly interesting as there are a few gems in this book, such as the idea that all memory is processing-structure for cognition (mostly in the realm of the unconscious).

Of course the usefulness in this speculation is for us to self-guide, for us to calibrate our experience and productivity to greater heights, and to have an appreciation of our mental subjective states.

I do see Gelernter as part of a trend within science to try and bind itself to qualitative expressions, encroaching into areas previously thought of as non-scientific. Often scientists will be hostile or friendly to the predecessors in these non-scientific domains -- Gelernter for one is quite friendly. He could include more psychological development models, which to me, would be more substantial, but all in all, this is a light read, but still interesting.

[Edward · Rating 4 out of 5]

I found this to be a fascinating book about how the mind works. Gelernter is a computer scientist who questions the idea that computer programming can at some point replicate the workings of the human mind. It may come close in abstract, logical thinking, but Gelernter contends that there are many functions of the mind that are completely inaccessible to such an approach.

His book is speculative but given his background, it seems rooted in strong possibility He sees the mind as a spectrum, ranging from the self-consciously logical and rational thinking that we do when we are fully awake and engaged in cognitive tasks, to the unconscious realm of sleep where dream images take place. During any twenty-hour period the mind cycles from one end of the spectrum to the other. The unconscious part of our mind creates a non-verbal picture language which makes no sense to the rational mind. That explains why our dreams often seem so illogical and weird. Where do these images come from?

It's Gelernter's contention that all dreams are based on memory of past events and express themselves as emotions which throw up images. Not always, but very often, they refer to events in the past that trouble us in some way so they are suppressed by the conscious mind, and that's why dreams are usually forgotten. If forgotten, past events that disturb us, no longer exist and if something ceases to exist, the conscious mind can ignore it. It's a survival technique; if we spent our waking hours churning through all of our frustrations and disappointments, we'd be incapable of getting anything done.

He writes, "The role of emotion in thought, our use of memory, the nature of understanding, the quality of consciousness - all change continuously throughout the day as we sweep down a spectrum that is crucial to nearly everything about the mind and thought and consciousness" If this emphasis on emotion, whether we are aware of it or not (and usually we aren't, or downplay it) is right, then the notion of a computer capturing emotion is absurd - there is no need for it in computational manipulations

If this sounds like Freud, it's no accident. Gelernter sees value in many t of Freud's insights, as well as collaboration of his theories in all kinds of literature, from the Hebrew Bible to Shakespeare to more modern authors such as Jane Austen, the Romantic authors such Wordsworth, Coleridge Keats, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Proust, and many other 20th century authors. He quotes freely from them where their imagery suggests the influence of the lower spectrums.

This attempt to understand the inner mind is always limited because our conscious mind, despite our best efforts, censors the incredibly vast areas of our experience. Only a small amount of our memory is used for practical purposes, the rest can be forgotten and forgotten. And yet the bulk of our experiences are still there, and make themselves known through our dreams

Why? Because any part of our experiences, especially ones of frustration, fright, surprise, anything that ignites our emotions, no matter how small, will come out in dream images, and nearly all of that will be forgotten in the daylight of consciousness This theory gives new meaning to the idea that we will never know ourselves, we will forever remain a immense unexplored continent.

Gelernter puts it this way, "If this yearning to revisit the past were permanently unsatisfied, and there were no hope of anything different our lives might always have that bitter, cynical edge they take on temporarily when some hope has collapsed or some project gone wrong So we do revisit the past on the sly, in secret - a secret we keep from ourselves." We need the lower spectrum to do this for us.

There is much more in the book, of course, in particular a detailed discussion of how children are closer to the lower end of the spectrum most of the time, and as they learn and mature, more of their time is occupied with the upper more logical end.

All of this could be called depth psychology, and Gelernter agrees, finding it a good thing, not to view the mind medically as a sick organ in need of a "cure" as Freud largely did, but to see the mind as an complex and beautiful thing. After reading the book it occurs to me that the mind developed complex survival skills to insure our survival.

[D.R. Oestreicher · Rating 2 out of 5]

Don't be confused: not brain science. The Tides of Time: uncovering the spectrum of consciousness by computer scientist David Gelertner (61) unfortunately reminded me of How to Live Longer and Feel Better by Linus Pauling and many popular business books. Linus Pauling because his training and fame (Nobel Prize Chemistry 1954) gave him a platform to expound far and wide, beyond to realms of science, sometimes with success (Nobel Peace Prize 1962) and others without (vitamin C advocacy).

And business books? When I was in business school, I was advised that be proper way to read popular business books was introduction, first and last chapter. Scanning what came between was suggested to be optional.

If you are interested in theories of mind and consciousness, and don't mind theories based on introspection and novels, this could be the book for you. In a century where so many are doing hard observational science on this topic, I found this book to be oddly old fashion in the style of the brilliant Freud whom the author takes as one of his inspirations.

For more see: http://1book42day.blogspot.com/2016/0...

[David Kessler · Rating 3 out of 5]

The spectrum, three of them, go into depth of how our brain functions. I found the book particularly dry and full of references to past writers(Shakespeare, etal) which to some readers would have been interesting. I read it looking for some explanation of consciousness(awake/not awake) but the particular research in that arena was not spoken to. The author has carved out his own explanation of brain organization and does so through his writing with sober thinking and rationality. Got only a few tidbits from this book.

[Gafgo · Rating 3 out of 5]

I like it but I do not love it.
I don't feel like I had an earth-shattering insight while reading and the first third was a bit tough for me personally to get through but after that it took me just one or two days to finish. It felt a bit repetitive here and there but I thoroughly enjoyed his style of writing (have to say that I read the german translation, but I think it should be roughly the same in english).

[Verena Wachnitz · Rating 4 out of 5]

The author has interesting ideas on the nature of the human mind, consciousness, memories and feelings. To be fair I found the writing at times unengaging, although I did appreciate the frequent quotes from great works of literature and philosophy. There is a very good summary in the conclusion that puts everything together and provides the framework that the rest of the book is sometimes lacking.

[Carl Holmes]

This is a great look at consciousness from a philosophical point of view, through the lens of good literature and some solid research. I did not walk away from this book with any "Eureka" types of insights, but this is a book that will be on my nightstand for easy review later when coming across some of it's concepts again.

[Steve Stanton · Rating 4 out of 5]

This complicated book argues that consciousness is a dynamic time-varying system, and refutes the static, computational model of the human mind. After examining in great detail the spectrum of consciousness between objective thinking and subjective being, the author advocates a return to depth psychology and a revolutionary view of phenomenological introspection.

[Erika · Rating 4 out of 5]

The author's frequent literary references and plain-as-day enthusiasm on his subject, in my opinion, kept the heavier material (never all that heavy, as it is) entertaining. By the last couple chapters, however, I felt done. The rate of new info to chew on was grinding to a near standstill with pages and pages to go. Still, some fascinating concepts and poetic, even whimsical, interpretation.

[Lee Barry · Rating 2 out of 5]

I don't know, I couldn't connect with this book as a whole. There were chapters and sections I liked that had some useful takeaways, like chapter 6 on the Creativity Spectrum. My 2 stars could be your 3.

[Abdullah · Rating 1 out of 5]

لم اكمل الكتاب.
مللت منه بسرعة... لا يحتوي على اي معلومات مفيدة.
يصف الكاتب الوعي على انه طيف spectrum.واننا نتنقل فيه خلال يومنا.

لا توجد ابحاث لتدعم فكرته، ولا يوجد اي رجوع لعلوم الاعصاب.
هو مجرد "راي"

[Ken · Rating 2 out of 5]

An antithesis to current popular books on neurosciences.

[Danny Clark · Rating 5 out of 5]

Wonderful affirmation that the mind is a unique and mysterious organ that we may never fully understand, and that is quite alright.

[Rowena]

Stopping after the ~50 pages I've read have already been rambling and repetitive. The tl;dr, which you can get from the book jacket, is "our minds range from logical/highly focused to emotional/unfocused throughout the day". Gelernter's approach is decidedly unscientific, yet proposes ideas as "spectrum laws", backed by quotes from fiction that don't cohere into a philosophically interesting argument. You'd think he'd at least structure this more logically, as a "legendary" computer scientist, but I guess this was his fun spiritual outlet.

Some of Gelernter's hot takes:
- We start the day in an "up-spectrum" state with high focus that decreases throughout the day until we go to sleep. What does he make of night owls? Do naps exist in his world?
- Freud's view on dreams being disguised outlets for inner conflicts is correct, despite being rejected by sleep researchers, because "the goals of dreaming are just the goals of thinking"?? I would almost go so far as to say books like this one are dangerous pseudoscience, but this is such a subjective topic that you can get away with saying anything... which he did.

In his own parlance, he must have written all of this "down-spectrum". We'd be better off reading from the authors and phenomenologists he cites and the researchers he doesn't. Frankly, I'm kind of offended he invokes classic literature in this mess.

Also, having known nothing about Gelernter before finding this book, I've just now read his Wikipedia page and this drivel seems on brand for him. 🙄

[Roy · Rating 4 out of 5]

I'm going to rate this book highly even though I can't get through it -- like praising an IPA or amber because I can tell it's a very good one, even though it's not a beer style I personally enjoy.

There's a spectrum in science (including philosophy) that has at its two ends materialism and functionalism. Pure materialists might break the brain down into its neurons and its molecules, but neglect what it is that the brain does. You might find that interesting, acknowledging its shortcoming when it comes to a holistic view of the mind. This book is the functionalist equivalent: it attempts to model the workings of the brain from a high, experiential and evidential level. Some might find this interesting as well, again, acknowledging the same shortcomings.

The goal of good science is to hit the middle of the spectrum, the view of something that takes into account its structure as well as its function. I prefer to read that kind of thing. But we still need books that might fall anywhere along that spectrum. This one happens to fall at one end, as my college physiology text fell at the other. All good!

[Scott · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a book of concepts without a lot of data to back certain ideas up. The author relies on various quotes from literature to help explain concepts…I didn’t read these quotes as arguments asserting that what he was saying was fact. I did enjoy the perspective presented and because he was effective at explaining the ideas, this book will be a tool that I measure other writings about certain aspects of consciousness against. It also helped me understand how, and perhaps why, my mind’s ability to think, focus and be creative wax and wane.

[Siskiyou-Suzy]

Interesting ideas but it goes in a direction that I'm just not fully engaged with right now, if that makes sense. Nothing wrong with the book just not the right time in my life.

[Adnan Ariffin · Rating 4 out of 5]

It's the most inspiring book to read as it covers aspects of consciousness and dwell rather 7n depth on the matter.

[Ester]

Read this book in the laundromat - ah, memories.
Cool about how AI is referenced.

[Nils · Rating 3 out of 5]

Ich mag den grundsätzlichen Ansatz, mit dem Gelernter versucht, dass Bild vom menschlichen Geist als Computer zu erweitern. Ich denke auch, dass er einige sehr wichtige Punkte anspricht. Die Arugmentation scheint mir manchmal aber doch sehr mäandernd (passend zu seinem "unteren Ende des Spektrums") und der reine Fokus auf literaturhistorische Belege ironischerweise zu einseitig.

[Al Durgin · Rating 4 out of 5]

A delightful blend of science, stories, and history. How fun!

[Ted · Rating 1 out of 5]

I think I got this book because I had read a review that said it addresses the issue of how AI will never really attain any level close to human consciousness. Mostly because AI will always be a machine doing what it is programmed to do, whereas human consciousness involves memory, imagination, emotions and conscience which AI cannot imitate. But I found I just wasn't that interested in the book's direction. I read the first two chapters and then skipped to the conclusion and while it does touch upon some critical issues regarding human consciousness, it was outside the scope of my interest. I'm not always good at reading things which dabble in philosophy.