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The History of the Sunni and Shia Split: Understanding the Divisions within Islam

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*Includes pictures*Discusses the political and religious history of both main branches of Islam*Includes footnotes and a bibliography for further reading*Includes a table of contents"Our followers are of three kinds, one who follows us but depends on others, one who is like a glass involved in his own reflections, but the best are those who are like gold, the more they suffer the more they shine." - Muhammad al-BaqirDifferent branches of the same religion are the exception more than the rule, and they have had a profound impact upon history. The schism between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches influenced relationships between nations across Europe, and religious intolerance based on different Christian faiths led to persecution and outright violence across the continent for centuries. The Protestant Reformation split Christianity further, and the results culminated in the incredibly destructive Thirty Years’ War in the 17th century. Today, the most important religious split is between the Sunnis and the Shias (Shiites) within Islam. Unlike divisions in other faiths - between Conservative and Orthodox Jews or Catholic and Protestant Christians - the split between the Sunnis and Shia has existed almost as long as the faith itself, and it quickly emerged out of tensions created by the political crisis after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. In a sense, what are now two different forms of Islam essentially started as political factions within the unified body of Muslim believers.Over the past few centuries, Christians have mostly been able to live alongside their co-religionists, but the split between the Sunnis and Shias is still so pronounced that many adherents of each branch view each other with disdain if not as outright apostates or non-believers. The religious divide is perhaps the most important fault line in the turbulent Middle East today, with Sunni nations like Egypt and Saudi Arabia at odds with Shiite nations like Iran. At lower levels, non-state groups like the Islamic State and Hezbollah are fighting each other in ways that cross state lines in places like Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria. Although it is technically a split in religion, the divide has had substantial global ramifications for decades, and there seems to be no end in sight. The History of the Sunni and Shia Split traces the origins of the split and the historic effects of the main divide within Islam. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the history of the Sunnis and Shias like never before, in no time at all.

62 pages, Kindle Edition

First published September 15, 2014

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Jesse Harasta

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Displaying 1 - 27 of 27 reviews
Profile Image for Preetam Chatterjee.
7,438 reviews427 followers
June 28, 2022
Islam has been altered not just through time but across space too.

The spread of the faith from the Atlantic coast to the Indonesian archipelago and beyond integrated peoples who fitted into Qur’anic scripture many of their old religious and societal practices…

Say for instance, what Pakistani Mirpuris see as conventional Islam is very dissimilar from that of North African Bedouins.

And what British Mirpuris see as long-established is different from the traditions of Mirpuris still in Mirpur.

It is this makeover of Islam over time and space to which fundamentalists object. ‘True Islam’, Ayotallah Khomeini argued, ‘lasted only for a brief period after its inception.’

First the Umayyids [the first Arab dynasty, who ruled the caliphate for a hundred years from brusquely after Muhammad’s demise in 632] and then the Abbasids [who overthrew the Umayyids in 750] inflicted all kinds of harm on Islam.

Later the monarchs ruling Iran continued in the same path; they totally distorted Islam and established something relatively different in its place.

‘True Islam’, however, has proved difficult to characterize, especially as both Sunnis and Shiites see themselves as true believers.

The division between Shia and Sunni dates back to the struggle to take over the leadership of the Muslim nation after the death of Muhammad. Shias believe that the only true caliphs are Muhammad’s descendants, beginning with his cousin Ali.

Shia means ‘party’ and is a shortened form of ‘Shia’t Ali’, or ‘party of Ali’. Throughout history, Shias have refused to recognize the authority of elected Muslim leaders, choosing instead to follow a line of imams whom they believe to have been appointed by Muhammad or by God Himself.

Sunnis, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic view, arguing that leadership should rest with whoever is most capable. Unlike Shias, they accepted Muhammad’s close friend and advisor, Abu Bakr, as the first caliph. When Ali, who had eventually become the fourth caliph, was defeated in battle by Mu’awiya Ummayad, the governor of Damascus, Sunnis accepted the Ummayad dynasty, and subsequently the Abbasids, who defeated the Ummayads at the battle of Zab in Egypt in 750.

Sunnis do not have a ceremonial clergy, just scholars and jurists, who may offer non-binding opinions.

Shias, conversely, believe that the supreme imam, such as Ayatollah Khomeini, is imbued with popelike infallibility and is an inerrant interpreter of law and tradition.

The Shia religious hierarchy is not dissimilar in structure and religious power to that of the Catholic Church. Sunni Islam, in contrast, more closely resembles the myriad independent churches of American Protestantism.

Today about 85 per cent of the world’s 1.4 billion Muslims are Sunni. There are some 150 million Shiites, concentrated mainly in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan and the Lebanon.

Like the majority of Muslims, the majority of fundamentalist groups are Sunni. One study found that of 17 5 Islamic groups identified as fundamentalist between 1970 and 1995, only thirty-two were Shiite.

As in the squabble over Muhammad’s succession, so today’s conflict between Sunnis and Shias, and between Sunni and Shia strands of fundamentalism, is political as much as theological, shaped as it is by the struggle between Saudi Arabia and Iran for leadership of the Muslim world.

The religious philosophy of the House of Saud is drawn from the ideas of the eighteenth-century Arab writer Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, a ‘Salafi’. Salafis, whose name comes from an Arabic word meaning ‘predecessor’ or ‘first generations’, believe, like Khomeini, that Islam was perfect and complete during the time of Muhammad, but has been corrupted and needs reviving by restoring the true Prophetic tradition.

In the 1970s, buoyed by money from the oil boom, the Saudi government started funding Salafi organizations worldwide. The Iranian revolution of 1979, when the Shiite Khomeini toppled the Shah and claimed political power, challenged the political supremacy of the Saudis within the Muslim world.

The meaning of ‘fundamentalism’ became part of that political struggle. Both may be ‘fundamentalists’, both may yearn for a return to the purity of the original faith, but Iran and Saudi Arabia, the Khomeinists and the Salafis, are as two dogs fighting over a single bone.

Even fundamentalists cannot agree on what is fundamental.

This easy-to-read- primer kind of a book takes you right back to the source of the split.

Give it a go. Clears up many a debated concept in minutes.
1,005 reviews4 followers
December 25, 2019
Rzutem na taśmę postanowiłem połknąć tą krótką poyzcję popularno-naukową opisującą podział w islamie na dwa główne nurty: sunicki i szyicki islam.

Dosłownie za dwa Euro udało mi się kupić tą pozycję w formie audiobooka. W formie papierowej pozycja ma ok. 50 stron, w formie audiobooka ok. 90 minut.

Książka jest naprawdę kompaktowa, zawiera sporo informacji, przesluchalem dwa razy, glownie jadac autem. Tak dla własnej pamięci, dla utrwalenia postaram się podsumować to co mi się udało zapamiętać.

Ciekawostką odnośnie rozłamu w islamie jest to, że praktycznie trwa od samego początku, od śmierci proroka Mahometa.


W skrócie – sunici interpretują proroctwo dotyczące następcy Mahometa w ten sposób, ze powinien to być to ktoś ogólnie szanowany przez ogół i niekoniecznie ktoś powiązany wiezią krwi z prorokiem. Natomiast szyici twierdzą, że następca Mahometa musi posiadać wiezy krwi z prorokiem. Proroctwa można interpretować w jedną albo w drugą stronę, to jak komu lepiej pasuje. (podobnie jest z interpretacją Biblii.... wsród chrześcijan....)

Ciekawostką jest, że w pewnym momencie, wśród szyitów pojawił sie problem, 12 następca Mahometa odszedł bezpotomnie... także ideologia, teologia szyicka, dalej się rozwijała, nawet w samym nurcie szyickim zaczęły pojawiać się kolejne rozłamy, na przyklad nurt tzw. „twlevers”, (dwunastu)...

Mohamet oprócz tego, że był prorokiem, jednocząc Arabów stał się też ważnym przywódcą politycznym. Połączęnie tych dwóch ról jest właśnie ważnym tłem sporów miedzy muzułmanami i w następstwie śmierci Mohameta stało się przyczyną narastającego sporu miedzy dwoma głównymi nurtami islamu, sunnitami i szyitami. (Jak nie wiadomo o co chodzi, to musi, chodzi o władzę.... pieniądze... w tym wypadku chodziło o władzę). Był to spór, który z czasem narastał, przechodził pewnego rodzaju stopniową eskalację, aż wreszcie kilkadziesiąt lat po śmierci proroka stało się jasne, że w islami istnieją dwa główne nurty, ktorych zwolennicy wręcz na śmierć i życie nieustannie walczą miedzy sobą. Spór miedzy szyitami i sunitami trwa do dzisiaj – patrz konflikt, Arabia Saudyjska (sunici), Iran (szyici), wojna w Syrii, gdzie po jednej stronie walczy ISIS państwo islamskie (Sunici), a po drugiej reżim prezydenta assada kojarzony z szyitami. Irak, gdzie po jednej stronie również walczy ISIS, państwo islamskie, które kontroluje drugie co do wielkości irackie miasto, Mosul a po drugiej stronie walczy establiszment ustanowionego przez Amerykanów i koalicjantów w tym Polski, nowego demokratzcynego państwa irackiego którego elitą są szyici. Tak można by wymieniać dalej. Sunicka mniejszość w Iranie nie ma się łatwo, jest prześladowana. Szyicka mniejszość w Pakistanie, Egipcie też jest prześladowana. Arabia Saudyjska zrywa stosunki dyplomatyczne z Iranem, Iran zalewa zachód na przekór Arabii Saudyjskiej ropą naftową, ku naszej radości, bo przesto taniej możemy tankować na stacji bezynowej.... Itp, itd.

Ale powracając do samych początku islamu.

W momencie śmierci w roku 632 proroka Mahometa przywódctwo objął jego teść Abu Bakr. Tzw. Sahabaowie czyli ci co znali, współpracowali z prorokiem, sprawowali razem z prorokiem władzę wybrali Abu Bakara jako przywódce następcę proroka, kalifa. Wstępnie wszystko było OK. Córka proroka nie mogła się pogodzić z tym, że to nie jej mąż, Ali, został nastepcą Mohameta, ale jakos to zaakceptowała i wycofała się z Alim z życia publicznego na oazę w pobliżu Mekki. Abu Bakr dolał jednak oliwę do ognia, i mimo po wycofaniu się Fatimy nie odpuszczał i zrobił nagonkę na Fatimę i jej męża Aliego, gdyż twierdził, że prorok Mohamet nauczał, że własność prywatna w postaci posiadania oazy nie ma mieć miejsca, i że przywilej posiadania przez Fatime oazy na której znalazła azyl nie ma podstaw w proroctwach Mohameta. Abu Bakr twierdził, że ta oaza nalezy bezposrednio do kalifatu a nie do Fatimy. Te przepychanki sprawiły iż krótko przed śmiercią Fatima zgromadziła wokół siebie garstkę zwolenników, wygłosiła inspirującą przemowę w której ogłosiła Abu Bakara jako wielkiego zdrajcę równocześnie stiwerdzjąc, że jej mąż, Ali, który równocześnie kuzynekiem Mohameta (niezłe kazirodztwo – kuzyn ojca, wziął sobie za żonę córkę swojego kuzyna) jest prawowitym następca prokoka.

I tu wlaśnie pojawił się rozłam, który z czasem zaczął się pogłębiać.

To tylko początek.... pewnie zapomnę sporą część faktów zawartych w tej pozycji.... ale mimo wszystko, sporo się dowiedziałem.... Konczę.... robi się późno...... idę spać....

P.S. Krótkie uzupełnienie. Autor publikacji na początku przytacza teorię Maxa Webera dotyczącą władzy; wladza charyzmatyczna, tradycyjna, biurokratyczno-prawna. (nie wiem jak fachowo brzmi to po polsku, tlumaczę na swój sposób jak zapamiętałem). Mianowicie prorok Mohamet będąc charzymatzcznym przywódcą zjednoczył wokół siebie ludność arabską, swoimi proroctwami w pewnym sensie obalił władzę tradycyjną, hierarchie plemienną, na skutek jego nauczania zlikwidowane zostały podziały na klany itd. Itp. Na swój sposób wprowadził system egalitarny, gdzie nie więzy krwi, lecz właśnie mądrość, szlachetność w działaniu i wiara religijna miały być wyznacznikiem autorytetu i władzy. Tym nurtem bardziej poszli sunici. Szyici jednak większą wage przykładali więzom krwi, bardziej tkwili w tradycyjności.

Max Weber stworzył też teorie tzw. „formalizacja autorytetu”. Proces formalizowania się wladzy, autorytetu jest bardzo widoczny konflikcie sunicko-szyickim.

Wnioski, refleksje.......

Dla mnie fascynujące jest to... że patrząc na współczesny świat, świat 21 wieku, widać, że nie udało się nam, współczesnej ludzkości do końca stworzyć jasnych procesów formalizowania autorytetów przywódczych. Ułomność nowoczesnych społeczeństw nadal polega na tym, że popadamy w pułapkę przywódctwa charyzmatycznego, tradycyjnego, zamiast kierować się rozumem, i bardziej fachowo oceniać samą funkcję przywódctwa. Najnowsze wydarzenia pokazują, hm... jak to wygodnie nam wszystkim jest wybierać na przywódców szarlatanów, bo może posiadają jakąś tam charzymę, a mniej idą z duchem czasu, postępem nauki. To co różni ludzkość dzisiejszą od ludzkośći za czasów proroka Mahometa, to to, że postęp nauki stał się oszałamiający, chodzi mi tu też o nauki społeczne, ekonomię, psychologię, socjologię, prawo, teorię organizacji, teorię zarządzania... nasi niektórzy charzymatyczni przywódcy to prawdziwi szarlatani, działają wbrew temu co przez ostatnie lata udało się naukowo osiągnąć ludzkości.
Profile Image for Tulay.
1,202 reviews2 followers
July 4, 2015
Good information.

Read and took pages of notes. Glad I spend a day with this book, learned and remembered some things from my childhood.
6,263 reviews40 followers
February 6, 2020
am familiar with all the Sunni and Shia problems but I didn't know the origin of those problems so when I saw this book I decided to get it. The book does an excellent job of going into the history of both groups and exactly what led to the split. It's yet another example of a major religion that ends up fracturing because of people arguing over who should be in power.

In Christianity it revolved around various sects of Christianity that existed early on but were shut down. This involved making sure the 'gospels' they wrote were declared unfit and were burned and, in the more extreme cases, groups like the Cathars were hunted down and exterminated.

The book goes into what countries were associated with what groups, who ruled what, various terms involved and splinter groups that formed. If you want to understand a little more about why those two groups are still fighting each other then this is definitely the book for you.
Profile Image for Anna.
814 reviews14 followers
October 7, 2024
I would have retained more information if this had been structured differently. Too many long-ago events were strung together without showing us first why they are important via an overview of today's muslim world.
Really, the book starts by telling us what the Sunni-Shia divide is NOT (equivalent to catholic/protestant), but it takes way too long to provide any tangible understanding what Sunni and Shia IS.
Why does a book from 2014 mention the Shah of Iran as if he were still in power?
546 reviews3 followers
October 21, 2024
Sunni nations like Saudi Arabia and Egypt are on one side against Shia powers like Iran and Syria. Shia wants a leader that is descended from the family of Muhammad, a divine order. Sunnis believe the leadership is determined by political realities. They all follow the Koran but have intense feelings and beliefs that cannot be conjoined. Iran is trying to distract Muslims from their differences by focusing on Israel, their common enemy.
Profile Image for Gary.
687 reviews7 followers
June 5, 2018
Most of what I know about Islam comes in 3 minute sound bites that make it to national news. So for a novice I found this to be a very informative and simple presentation of the Islamic timeline from creation to the present.

I really appreciated that M. Harasta was not preachy or evangelical, was not apologetic or defensive, but simply laid out facts for a more informed readership.

78 reviews1 follower
August 1, 2018
A good starter

This is my first read about Islam
The book start with detail analysis about the split and then in short jump to current reasons. Considering it is about the split it gives particular details and it succeeds in the title
Profile Image for Phyllis Shoemaker.
1 review
November 11, 2020
Endless pain

One of the most tragic aspects of current history. An endless source of misery and suffering for all involved, but especially for the civilian population.
Breaks my heart.
2 reviews
June 22, 2018
The book provides fundamental knowledge. It is important for both Muslim and Non Muslim to get to the base in order to avoid misconceptions, and reading this book is a good start.
27 reviews1 follower
January 6, 2019
Covers ancient history in depth. Falls short in current (post WWI). Does a decent job of explaining a complicated subject. Good start to delving more in depth.
Profile Image for Jan.
6,531 reviews100 followers
August 3, 2015
Excellent preface to making sense of international news.
As always, today's international news is based on historical struggles, and Islamic conflicts are at the forefront right now. For those of us who have only minimal knowledge of the historical politics of Islam, this compact body of research is truly enlightening. There is no religiosity here, but simply a detailing of the conflicts which began with the death of Mohammed and resurfaced time and again within the Arab world.
Excellent choice of narrator as his tone, diction, and delivery are fully appropriate to the material.
As always, today's international news is based on historical struggles, and Islamic conflicts are at the forefront right now. For those of us who have only minimal knowledge of the historical politics of Islam, this compact body of research is truly enlightening. There is no religiosity here, but simply a detailing of the conflicts which began with the death of Mohammed and resurfaced time and again within the Arab world.
Excellent choice of narrator as his tone, diction, and delivery are fully appropriate to the material.
Profile Image for Tom Fox.
16 reviews1 follower
June 20, 2015
A Great Place to Start One's Middle East Studies

This is a short but factual work, and if one is willing to wade through all the ibn's and ali's, very informative. The roots of the Sunni/Shia/Wahabbi/Sufi rift are traced all the way back to Mohammad's tent. A night well spent reading this.
Profile Image for Frances.
1,704 reviews6 followers
January 6, 2015
Definitely only an overview leaving me with a feeling of utter incomprehension. I took notes and will try to use them while watching the news hopefully it will make more sense of what is going on currently in the Middle East and the overwhelming schism between the different sects of Islam.
Profile Image for Paul Decker.
173 reviews4 followers
November 25, 2015
This is a handy review of the differences between Sunni and Shia muslims. If you are interested in finding out the background of how Islam has developed through the centuries, this will guide you through it.
Profile Image for Vikas Datta.
2,178 reviews143 followers
October 7, 2014
Offers quite many key insights on a perennial politico-religious problem but doesn't go much deep in to the relations between the Shias and the Abbasids and the ending is also slightly abrupt...
Profile Image for Norman Worley.
6 reviews1 follower
October 23, 2014
Good read


good read explains a lot. Hard to keep up with a lot of the names, but the book was very interesting.
Profile Image for Majeed.
84 reviews11 followers
March 5, 2016
Not ta bad introduction. The only issue I saw was some factual mistakes that I would not expect in this type of historic book.
15 reviews
March 8, 2015
Interesting

Good summary of the extremely complex relations within the Muslim religion and ramifications for Middle Eastern diplomatic relations. worth reading
Profile Image for Shawn Kane.
5 reviews
March 15, 2015
Quick read good summary

Easy to read and does a good job explaining differences between Sunni and Shia sects of Islam. Explains background of some current issues
15 reviews
July 26, 2016
Very helpful

I'm not Muslim and this explained the roots of the trouble in the middle east. I would recommend to anyone who wants to understand.


Profile Image for Lawrence Cutting.
48 reviews
January 1, 2017
Interesting and concise

A worthwhile read written in a fairly objective manner. Kudos to Charles River Editors. Definitely a four or five star rating.
Profile Image for Scott Wade.
33 reviews
December 21, 2016
Good brief primer on Islam

A very good brief history of Islam and the basic differences. One can then make comparisons to Europe's religious wars and divides.
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