J.R.R. Tolkien's On Fairy-stories is his most-studied and most-quoted essay, an exemplary personal statement of his own views on the role of imagination in literature, and an intellectual tour de force vital for understanding Tolkien's achievement in writing The Lord of the Rings.
Contained within is an introduction to Tolkien's original 1939 lecture and the history of the writing of On Fairy-stories, with previously unseen material. Here, at last, Flieger and Anderson reveal the extraordinary genesis of this seminal work and discuss how the conclusions that Tolkien reached during the composition of the essay would shape his writing for the rest of his life.
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien: writer, artist, scholar, linguist. Known to millions around the world as the author of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien spent most of his life teaching at the University of Oxford where he was a distinguished academic in the fields of Old and Middle English and Old Norse. His creativity, confined to his spare time, found its outlet in fantasy works, stories for children, poetry, illustration and invented languages and alphabets.
Tolkien’s most popular works, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are set in Middle-earth, an imagined world with strangely familiar settings inhabited by ancient and extraordinary peoples. Through this secondary world Tolkien writes perceptively of universal human concerns – love and loss, courage and betrayal, humility and pride – giving his books a wide and enduring appeal.
Tolkien was an accomplished amateur artist who painted for pleasure and relaxation. He excelled at landscapes and often drew inspiration from his own stories. He illustrated many scenes from The Silmarillion, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, sometimes drawing or painting as he was writing in order to visualize the imagined scene more clearly.
Tolkien was a professor at the Universities of Leeds and Oxford for almost forty years, teaching Old and Middle English, as well as Old Norse and Gothic. His illuminating lectures on works such as the Old English epic poem, Beowulf, illustrate his deep knowledge of ancient languages and at the same time provide new insights into peoples and legends from a remote past.
Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa, in 1892 to English parents. He came to England aged three and was brought up in and around Birmingham. He graduated from the University of Oxford in 1915 and saw active service in France during the First World War before being invalided home. After the war he pursued an academic career teaching Old and Middle English. Alongside his professional work, he invented his own languages and began to create what he called a mythology for England; it was this ‘legendarium’ that he would work on throughout his life. But his literary work did not start and end with Middle-earth, he also wrote poetry, children’s stories and fairy tales for adults. He died in 1973 and is buried in Oxford where he spent most of his adult life.
Tolkien first defines “Faerie” as a place, and a type of story. According to him, fairies are not required, but a belief in the other world typifies “Faerie.” This belief is not a mock-reality, of what he calls our “Primary Reality,” but a secondary reality, just as real. This is not a place to make-believe, but to truly believe, and here you find the reason children are more apt to like these stories. Children trust, and believe, without the complication of big words and deeper meanings to hide simple truth. However, Tolkien argues these stories are for adults too. This secondary world brings the person out of time here in this reality and into another, perhaps into a timeless reality (which we all may have experienced when we’ve had to go about our business after an hour of great fiction). He cites many stories, of which King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table resonate in my memory and familiarity.
He argues we are all “sub-creators,” created in the image of a Maker. Herein lies an argument for the existence of God, of which I’m not familiar in philosophical and apologetic circles, since I haven’t a clue of apologetics and philosophy. Imagine the implications of this though. Do you write, create people and worlds? What if they really exist? Are they real enough, or are they flat personalities in their world? Does their world have three dimensions? Four? Two? One? Are you taking care of your creation?
Tolkien offers criticism of many stories and authors, including Chesterton and Shakespeare. Drama, he says, diametrically opposes Fantasy. He writes, “…tragedy is the true form of drama,” but refers to Fantasy as “Eucatastrophe,” which somehow means a happy ending always comes about. He also argues against the critics who call Fantasy an “escapist” practice. He says many other ways exist of escape that seem much more ridiculous, such as the escape into scientific endeavors leading to the creation of weapons of war, leading to destruction.
Finally, in the last few pages, he comes to the crux of his argument, the final point, which centers on his Christian faith. He says all stories of fantasy and of Fairy (In German referred to as “Elf”) represent a deeper story, a real story of the Christ and his incarnation and death on the cross. He ends in beautiful words, which I took to mean Fantasy reveals the bliss and wonder of eternity in heaven as the understanding of the human race foreshadows what humanity will be like in heaven with resurrected bodies: “All tales may come true; and yet, at the last, redeemed, they may be as like and as unlike the forms that we give them as Man, finally redeemed, will be like and unlike the fallen that we know.”
Tolkien’s essay helps me understand why The Lord of The Rings remains my favorite of all time. I share a spiritual world-view with Tolkien, and his trilogy strengthens me and gives me hope. I see warnings against evil choices in the person of Smeagol, who became corrupted and pitiful Gollum. I see greatness in smallness, a promise of honor in humility and denying personal dignity in Frodo, a tiny Hobbit, who carries the fate of the world around his neck. I see the true hero in the end, who remained invisible with Frodo and Sam both throughout their journey. I see Providence in the destruction of the ring (one of the best climaxes, if not the best climax ever!). I see the final victory of all good over all evil. Whenever I despair, I think of the Hobbits, and Tolkien’s world, and find comfort in, as Tolkien puts it, “the underlying reality.”
Although I’d find great pleasure in studying Tolkien, and learning of him that I may learn to be a better rookie writer, he tells (warns rather) writers to learn more from stories themselves than the analysis of the stories. This could also be phrased as, “you learn better by doing than talking,” or “experiencing rather than reading about it.”
I love the way Tolkien writes; how exquisite the language he uses. I appreciate his heart, his mind, and his faith. I can’t wait to meet him in the “secondary world” of Middle Earth when it becomes “Primary.”
It's hard to imagine a more thorough and accessible critical treatment of a single work than Flieger & Anderson put together here. There are not many short works so robust as Tolkien's original essay as to deserve a book-length treatment, and few of those have authors so popular that a mainstream publisher would take on the commercial risk of supporting such a book.
Having grown up reading an oddly truncated (and partly incomprehensible) early draft version of the essay misprinted in an ancient copy of The Tolkien Reader, it was a joy to me to read the final version of "On Fairy-Stories" (included here and in The Monsters and the Critics), which turned out to be far clearer and more systematic than I thought. Flieger & Anderson demonstrate that this work is not the lucky product of a brilliant but scattered mind - an impression one easily derives from exposure to Tolkien's drafts - but a fully-formed contribution to literary and folklore studies, deserving of its watershed status in those fields. And of Flieger & Anderson's own contribution, nothing can be better said than this back-cover quote from the Cambridge Review: "It goes far to explain the nature of [Tolkien's] art and justify his success."
Loved it! I'm pleased to remark that our class readings for this semester are surprisingly interesting and enjoyable. This is something I would choose to read in my free time as well. Although I've never read Tolkien (just not my cup of tea), I found his musings on fairy tales very captivating and thought-provoking.
This is a really dense essay, and Tolkien has a habit of following intellectual rabbit trails. If you don't mind taking a long time to read a short piece, it is definitely worth the effort. He discusses not only the history, purpose and misconceptions of fairy tales, he also discusses with great passion and importance how they relate to the nature and soul of man.
The original essay continues to be absolutely brilliant every time I read it. Tolkien applied clear thinking that makes his critique and proposals resonate decades later—in fact, some of his points feel more relevant now. I would like to ask him about his views on theater, as that's the one moment in the essay when I feel a disconnect. Tolkien clearly did not have a high regard for theater (or at least, for fantasy and fairy-story presented in live theater), and I wonder what he had seen in that domain. Would he enjoy current theater, now that the mechanics the distracted him have advanced technologically to become somewhat more integrated and invisible? I presume that he would not at all care for the musical based on The Lord of the Rings, so it may be for the best that he's not here to give an opinion.
Some readers, even some Tolkien fans, might wonder whether an essay of under 20,000 words merits a 320-page book. It does. It really does. This edition, presented by leading Tolkien scholars Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson (editor of the wonderful annotated edition of The Hobbit) includes the full text of the original essay, with notes that give the background of all of Tolkien's many references to other works, writers, and critical approaches. Reading the essay this way, taking time to look at all the notes and annotations, is the best way to understand Tolkien's thought. The early versions of the lecture/essay manuscript, it's true, are only for readers who have a particular reason to dig into the earlier drafts. But it's grand to have everything in one volume, ready to meet any curiosity or research need.
A must read for anyone who loves fairy stories or tales of enchantment. An essay on the craftsmanship, delights and misapprehensions we have about tales in this genre. I particularly liked his evocation and description of 'eucatastrophe'.
But the “consolation” of fairy-tales has another aspect than the imaginative satisfaction of ancient desires. Far more important is the Consolation of the Happy Ending. Almost I would venture to assert that all complete fairy-stories must have it. At least I would say that Tragedy is the true form of Drama, its highest function; but the opposite is true of Fairystory. Since we do not appear to possess a word that expresses this opposite—I will call it Eucatastrophe.The eucatastrophic tale is the true form of fairy-tale, and its highest function. The consolation of fairy-stories, the joy of the happy ending: or more correctly of the good catastrophe, the sudden joyous “turn” (for there is no true end to any fairy-tale): this joy, which is one of the things which fairy-stories can produce supremely well, is not essentially “escapist,” nor “fugitive.” In its fairy-tale—or otherworld—setting, it is a sudden and miraculous grace.....
Tolkien's love for magical stories pulsates through this essay. Why only two stars? Well, I don't share his enthusiasm for the subject. I know, I should have been able to enjoy his essay purely on the merits of his writing, but I wasn't prepared to put the work in to do so. The subject just didn't appeal enough. My bad.
“The Recovered Thing is not quite the same as the Thing-never-lost. It is often more precious. As Grace, recovered by repentance, is not the same as primitive Innocence, but is not necessarily a poorer or worse state.”
Mucho tiempo queriendo leer este ensayo. Las ideas de Tolkien sobre la construcción de los cuentos de hadas son, en su conjunto: fantásticas. Muy recomendado.
(reread) brilliant argument / apologetics for myth, contemporary with lots of other work on storytelling and narration eg at swim-two-birds, the storyteller etc
Read chunks in preparation to give a guest lecture in Michael Elam's course on Tolkien (January 2019). I read OFS for the first time about 10 years ago, probably in The Tolkien Reader.
Tolkien's academic approach to fairytales, their origins, uses, and his stylistic preferences were incredibly intriguing.
He invents "eucatastrophe" to describe "the consolation of fairy-stories, the joy of the happy ending: or more correctly of the good catastrophe, the sudden joyous 'turn'", which points to the grander truth within stories that make them so poignant.
I was incredibly excited to read this and was not in the least disappointed. It was delightful to look at fairy stories through the eyes of Tolkien. This is definitely not the last time I will read this essay.
A linguist's (more precisely, a philologist's) take on "Fair Tales".
Mr. Tolkien's legendarium needs no defending, however fantasy as a genre often quite discarded as "serious literature". It's quite refreshing to get into the mind of the man himself on how he viewed fantasy.
"Though fairy stories are of course by no means the only medium of Escape, they are today one of the most obvious and (to some) outrageous forms of "escapist" literature: and it is thus reasonable to attach to a consideration of them some considerations of this term "escape" in criticism generally."
Essentially, Lewis, Tolkien and Chesterton viewed fairy stories not as "untrue," but as stories within which the greatest truths are hidden. That is why Chesterton calls the gospel "The Truest Fairy Tale" and why Tolkien writes, "The Gospels contain a fairy-story, or a story of a larger kind which embraces all the essence of fairy stories. They contain many marvels - peculiarly artistic, beautiful and moving; 'mythical' in their perfect self-contained significance; and among the marvels is the greatest and most complete conceivable eucatastrophe [Christ's resurrection]." (p. 78)
This book is not light reading. Because Tolkien invents various words to describe his ideas, you are literally working your way through new language. But it's a worthy endeavor. The intro by editors Flieger and Anderson was very helpful.
“But this story is supreme; and it is true. Art has been verified. God is the Lord, of angels, of men—and of elves. Legend and history have met and fused.”
This is one of the most poignant and beautiful essays I’ve read. Tolkien explores what makes a fairy story. He examines the qualities they possess, and makes a very convincing argument of the truth of them all that makes them so appealing to those who posses the quality of loving them.
I’ll be studying this one for a while.✨
Re-read 1/14/24 - still love this one so much. I feel like I got even more out of it the second time around. Very deep essay that gives you A LOT to think about.
A pokud necháme “fantazii” chvilku stranou, nemyslím si, že by se čtenář či tvůrce pohádkových příběhů měl kdy stydět za to, že “unikne” do starých časů: že bude dávat přednost nejen drakům, ale i koním, hradům, plachetnicím, lukům a šípům, nejen elfům, ale i rytířům a králům a kněžím.
Jsou věci, a věřím, že jich bude málo, ke kterým se u Tolkiena vracet nebudu, tohle je pravděpodobně jedna z nich… Ale pár krásných myšlenek jsem si v ní našla.
Tolkien proposes that fairytales have critical value to children and adults. Which I certainly agree with, but he takes a little too long to say all of this.
This was another one I had my senior read. As I preread her other books, they were all on the heavy side. I wanted to remind her of fairy tales and wonder, so I put together a little Fairytale 101 class where I had her compare and contrast Lang and Grimm, read this essay and do a research paper on the history of fairies, and then she read Phantasies. She had a lot of fun with that.
I found bits and pieces of this essay reminded me of what I’ve come to love about nature study. Those connections were fun.
I rlly recommend any lover of literature this piece It is i will say very difficult to read his writing is slightly old fashioned and hard but he is very insightful. I would love to know how he would think of books now and i love how brutally honest he was cause fair cop alice in wonderland aint a fairie story and all the others they are just stories and do not venture into the specific fairy land
He was so interesting tho and very truthfull most of this held up today so considering this was like nearly 100 years ago id say Tolkien was pretty smart and knew what he was talking about
I understand that Tolkien wrote this as a kind of advance defence of his project of writing The Lord of the Rings. In it He defends fairy-stories as serious literature. I needed no convincing. He was preaching to the choir.
He gives us some nice samples of poetic writing, but I can’t honestly say I learned much new here.
Absolute genius and an inspiring piece that examines many important aspects of human life that are often swept aside: fairy tales, escapism, fantasy, and the lot. Clear and beautifully written by one of the great fantasy writers of our time.