"In the beginning, all the world was America."—John Locke
In the beginning, everything was America, but where did America begin? In many narratives of American nationalism (both popular and academic), the United States begins in print-with the production, dissemination, and consumption of major printed texts like Common Sense , the Declaration of Independence, newspaper debates over ratification, and the Constitution itself. In these narratives, print plays a central role in the emergence of American nationalism, as Americans become Americans through acts of reading that connect them to other like-minded nationals.
In The Republic in Print , however, Trish Loughran overturns this master narrative of American origins and offers a radically new history of the early republic and its antebellum aftermath. Combining a materialist history of American nation building with an intellectual history of American federalism, Loughran challenges the idea that print culture created a sense of national connection among different parts of the early American union and instead reveals the early republic as a series of local and regional reading publics with distinct political and geographical identities.
Focusing on the years between 1770 and 1870, Loughran develops two richly detailed and provocative arguments. First, she suggests that it was the relative lack of a national infrastructure (rather than the existence of a tightly connected print network) that actually enabled the nation to be imagined in 1776 and ratification to be secured in 1787-88. She then describes how the increasingly connected book market of the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s unexpectedly exposed cracks in the evolving nation, especially in regards to slavery, exacerbating regional differences in ways that ultimately contributed to secession and civil war.
Drawing on a range of literary, historical, and archival materials-from essays, pamphlets, novels, and plays, to engravings, paintings, statues, laws, and maps— The Republic in Print provides a refreshingly original cultural history of the American nation-state over the course of its first century.
As the book summary says: "Focusing on the years between 1770 and 1870, Loughran develops two richly detailed and provocative arguments. First, she suggests that it was the relative lack of a national infrastructure (rather than the existence of a tightly connected print network) that actually enabled the nation to be imagined in 1776 and ratification to be secured in 1787-88. She then describes how the increasingly connected book market of the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s unexpectedly exposed cracks in the evolving nation, especially in regards to slavery, exacerbating regional differences in ways that ultimately contributed to secession and civil war."
Strangely, Loughran doesn't actually spend much time on the Jacksonian Era, which is when the national print market developed. And her excellent argument about print networks (which includes a brilliant demonstration that Thomas Paine's Common Sense had nowhere near the 150,000-copy circulation often claimed for it) almost gets derailed by her attempt at close reading of texts like Royall Tyler's The Contrast -- rather too close to be persuasive. This could have been a much clearer and more useful book.
The sparsity of print culture/connectivity in the early republic, Loughran argues, is precisely what enabled federalism to unite an instead virtual citizenry. The rapid expansion of print culture midcentury, by contrast, facilitates sectionalism precisely because it highlights (and then circulates) how virtual national unification had been, in light of the expanding power of the federal government to cross boundaries it previously hadn't. Loughran's arguments are thorough, wide-reaching, just the right amount of counter-intuitive, and compelling.