Overall I enjoyed Rukeyser's conversational, confessional, impassioned writing about poetry. She's not afraid to make big pronouncements such as: "Many of our poems are... monuments. They offer the truths of outrage and the truths of possibility" (66) and "Punctuation is biological" (117) and "If there were no poetry on any day in the world, poetry would be invented that day" (159).
I thoroughly enjoyed the first two sections of the book, titled "Resistances" and "Backgrounds and Sources," which dealt respectively with the places of poetry in society - specifically a society that wages wars - and with critical analysis of Melville and Whitman. The book was published in 1949, and Rukeyser is understandably obsessed with the concepts of war and peace. Imagination, the arts, poetry, seem to be her refuge and solution to the problem of peace as not merely the absence of war, but as stillness and completeness. (A theme she returns to in the closing chapters of the work.) The works of Melville and Whitman specifically illuminate for her the interplay of good and evil and the ways in which they cannot and should not be separated in human thought.
Section three, on the "uses" of poetry, completely broke down for me. Rukeyser discusses other art forms - touching on plays, music, and dance, but focusing the bulk of her attention on film, an industry in which she worked as an editor. The material here felt dated in a way that her opinions on society, art, and war do not; and perhaps the very contemporaryness of her other statements creates a greater gulf to overcome. I could happily have skipped this entire chunk of book and not really missed much aside from a historical perspective.
The final section reiterates much of the material before it, but significantly (finally!) adds a definition of poetry. I was surprised that it took 169 pages to reach, but I did find her definition resonate and flexible. "A poem is an imaginary work, living in time, indicated in language. It is and it expresses; it allows us to express. The fact that it extends in time means that motion is internal to the poem." This seems to sum up nicely some of the base components that everyone could agree upon ("language" and expressiveness) and adds what has always seemed to me to be a necessary factor in creating a poem, the concept of "motion" within the work.
Rukeyser also melds the concepts of science and poetry in this section, a pairing that intrigues me as well. She recognizes what has become a better-known concept 50+ years later, that theoretical science and mathematics share much of the same intangible qualities as poetry, that the theoretical thinker is kin to the poet.
Ultimately, what Rukeyser believes in is in "the unity of the imagination" (163) - a concept she applies universally to science, religion, society, and poetry. Her perspective is a hopeful and optimistic one, and one that still seems somehow attainable and yet only in some future time. She strangely attacks poets who treat the poem as an object (I've yet to entirely figure out what she means by that, except perhaps that she refers to poems that deal more with concrete imagery, whose emotional landscape is merely implied or must be entirely supplied by the reader). She rejects those who "sell out" by not exploring "relationships" and "possibility" (208). I find myself sympathizing with her ideals, although I am put off by her narrow attitude towards who she seems to consider a 'real' poet.
Despite agreeing with many of Rukeyser's ideas and genuinely liking her authorial voice, I was not equally interested in all parts of the book. Her dated discussions of early 20th century art, film especially, did not engage me, and I found her dismissals of other poets as sell outs troubling. Additionally, the entire work takes as its foundation the idea that everyone should be invested in poetry (although she acknowledges from the get-go that there is a "hatred to poetry" (9), it does not seem to inform her conclustions or attitudes), which lends it a quality of perhaps preaching to the choir -- I'm not entirely sure that a book which takes nearly its entire length to arrive at a definition of poetry will appeal to or be read by anyone who is not already a poet. However, I find her definition of poetry wonderfully expansive, able to encompass multiple forms and highlighting elements that I do not think poetry should do without. Her idealism, particularly following her experiences with wars and social injustices, moves me and I am particularly touched by her discussions of unity and peace. Rukeyser is at her best when tackling big concepts with her uplifting sense of possibility.