An Outline of Psychoanalysis

by Sigmund Freud

One of fifteen volumes in the new Freud series commissioned for Penguin by series editor Adam Phillips. Part of a plan to generate a new, non-specialist Freud for a wide readership, which goes way beyond the institutional/clinical market and presents material to the reader in a new way.

This volume will contain NEW INTRODUCTORY LECTURES IN PSYCHOANALYSIS and AN OUTLINE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS.

Genres: Psychology, Nonfiction, Philosophy, Psychoanalysis, Science, Psychiatry, Theory

268 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1938

About the author

Dr. Sigismund Freud (later changed to Sigmund) was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential—and controversial—minds of the 20th century.

In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.

Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.

In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.

After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.

In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.

Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.

Reviews

[Brittany Saferight · Rating 4 out of 5]

There is one thing that I believe should be fundamentally understood about Freud, whether you like him, hate him, agree with him, or believe he's totally off his rocker: he will not bore you. He may surprise you, frustrate you, make you want to throw his books out of the nearest window and say, "What the absolute hell?". But he will never bore you.

I think Freud is pretty out there. But as a past psych major and a current English major, I find his work, as well as himself, completely fascinating (even when I don't agree with him whatsoever). Disagreeing with the content doesn't make me a hater. It almost makes me love the work itself all the more.

So yeah. 4 stars from me. Bring on the hate anti-Freudians.

[Sarah Daiban]

قرأتُه منذ مدة ، على الأقل قبل أن اسجّل في قود ريدز :]
الكتاب عباره عن موجز لنظريات سيجموند فرويد العالم النفسي وتعزى اليه بداية التعمق والتفصيل في تخصص السيكولوجي او علم النفس ، على الأقل على حد علمي المتواضع .
قرأته لأني مهتمة بالتحليل النفسي و كنت افكّر في اتخاذه تخصص لدراسة لآحقة بعد الطب اذا شاء الله .
اممم النظريات بصفة عامة جيدة ولا ترتكز كليًا على التفسير الجنسي كما اشتهر به فرويد بل اني وجدت قاعدته في تقسيم النفس الى انا و هو وانا عليا جدًا منطقية . رغم ذلك وجدت ان الكتاب اعمق من انه يقرأ سريعًا او اذا لم تكن لك ميول لفهم السيكولوجيا لدرجة اني كنت اقرأ بعض الجمل او الباراغرافات مرتين حتى افهم قصد الكاتب ، بالإضافة الى ان كثير من نظرياته لا يمكن فهمها بسهوله الى بورد امثلة واقعيه وهذا ما يفتقر اليه الكتاب جدًا .

[» Nσuf « · Rating 4 out of 5]

It's one of those books that you have to be focused to understand it.

[Rahma.Mrk · Rating 3 out of 5]

عرض لاهم مفاهيم و ركائز التي تقوم عليها المدرسة الشعورية منهجها التحليل النفسي
مع رائده فرويد .
6/janv/21🌸📖

[C · Rating 5 out of 5]

Of all the books I've read by Freud (maybe a half dozen?) this is by the far the best in terms of clarity and scope. Freud makes it clear that he wants to be very precise and succinct in his definitions of key psychoanalytic terms (e.g., id, ego, super go, eros, death drive, etc.). Moreover, in the confines of his succinctness he wants to cover as much ground as possible in terms of introducing the reader to the insights of psychoanalysis. Whereas the theory of dreams, the psychopathology of everyday life, and his introductory lectures are all over 500 pages, this book is approximately 90 pages and a good summary of those other larger texts. I'd recommend me this to anyone interested in Freud, and/or psychoanalysis.

[Bola Shokry · Rating 4 out of 5]

موجز وخلاصة لنظريات طبيب الأعصاب النمساوي ومؤسس علم النفس الحديث, سيجموند فرويد.

يقسم فرويد الجهاز النفسي لثلاثة أجزاء: الهو (id), الأنا (ego), الأنا الأعلى(superego) ويرى ان الشخصية هي محصلة تفاعل هذه الأجزاء.
الهو: مصدر الغرائز الحيوانية, لم يهذبه التحضر وغير متصل بالعالم الخارجي, تحكمه اللذه ويطلب اشباعا فوري لها, يتكون من امتزاج قوتين أوليتين في نسب مختلفة: إيروس (غريزة الحب) وغريزة الهدم.
الأنا: الطبقة الخاريجة المحيطة بالهو, النشاط العقلي الشعوري والقسم الذي ندرك به انفسنا. الوسيط بين الرغبة الغريزية والعمل الذي يشبعها, يُقِّدر الظروف الحاضرة والتجارب السابقة ويحسب النتائج المتوقعة.
الأنا الأعلى: الرقيب على الأنا, تتمثل أولا في سلطة الوالدين, ثم المجتمع ومنهما يتكون الضمير.

ثم يشرح فرويد نظريته للغرائز ونشوء الوظيفة الجنسية التي يرى انها, بشكل أو بآخر, هي المحرك الاساسي للنشاط الانساني.

ويأخد تفسير الاحلام كمثال لتطبيق نظرياته عن نشوء الوظيفة الجنسية وتفاعل الجهاز النفسي معها. وكما أن فرويد هو مؤسس علم التحليل النفسي, فهو يخصص في كتابه الأخير باب كامل عن التحليل النفسي ويعرض امثلة لمصابين بالعصاب والذهان ويشرح حالاتهم في ضوء نظرياته.

لا يفوتني ان المترجم د. محمد عثمان نجاتي استاذ علم النفس بجامعة القاهرة, بذل مجهود جيد في الترجمة ولولا الهوامش التفسيرية لما كنت فهمت اجزاء كثيرة من الكتاب

[Unknown · Rating 4 out of 5]

And yet, more than a century before the emergence of psychoanalysis, the frenchman Diderot testified to the significance of the Oedipus complex, expressing the difference between the primitive age and the civilised one in this sentence: If the little savage were left to his own devices such that he retained all his imbecility, and such that he joined to his childish paucity of reason the violent passions of a man of thirty, then he would strangle his father and sleep with his mother (Rameau’s Nephew). Even if psychoanalysis could boast of no other achievement than uncovering the repressed Oedipus complex, I would venture to say that this alone would give its claim to be classified among the most valuable of new acquisitions of mankind. —An Outline of Psychoanalysis, Part Two, Chapter 7
__________
The purpose of this brief essay is to offer as it were a dogmatic conspectus of psychoanalysis by bringing together all its doctrines in the most concentrated and clear-cut form. Obviously it is not intended to convert or to convince you.. —An Outline of Psychoanalysis

__________
This volume collects the following works by Freud:
• An Outline of Psychoanalysis
• Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis: New Series
__________
These two works can be read as an overview of Freud’s essential theories on and around psychoanalysis.

Probably the one volume to read if you’re seeking a brief summary of Freud’s core ideas in his own words; otherwise, this would serve as a good jumping-off point into his other works.
__________
Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
‘I am just a literary man’, he said, ‘whereas you are a scientist and discoverer. But there is one thing I must say to you: I have never had sexual feelings towards my mother’. ‘Yes, but you won’t necessarily have known anything about it’, I replied: ’these are, of course, processes that the adult is not at all conscious of’. ‘Ah, so that’s what you mean’, he said, relieved, and shook my hand. We chatted for a few hours on the best of terms.

. . . I felt a renewed confidence that I was on the right track.

In another interesting series of experiments, H. Silberer showed that we can catch the dream-work as it were in flagrante delicto, in the act of turning abstract thoughts into visual images. If he tried to force himself to do intellectual work while he was in a state of fatigue, drunken with sleep, his thoughts frequently vanished and in their place a vision would appear that was clearly a substitute for them.

So the fear of spiders expresses the dread of committing incest with the mother, and the horror of female genitalia.

I have almost finished with this topic, but I can’t resist mentioning how often mythological themes in particular can be explained by the dream-theory. Thus the legend of the labyrinth, for example, can be seen to represent an anal birth: the winding passageways are the bowels, and the thread of Ariadne is the umbilical cord.

In plain English, we may say that the Ego represents reason and prudence in the psyche while the Id represents untamed passions.

When you think about this division of the personality into Ego, Super-Ego, and Id, you mustn’t imagine the kinds of clear boundaries that are artificially drawn up in political geography. We can’t do justice to the particular nature of the psyche if we imagine it in terms of the linear contours that we might find in a drawing or in primitive painting; its is more like the blurry fields of colour used by modern artists.

A drive differs from a stimulus in that it originates from sources of stimulation within the body, acts as a constant force, and the individual can’t flee from it in the way that he can from an external stimulus.

We often dream of a place that used to be a single room but which is now divided into two by a partition wall, or vice versa. This always signifies the relationship of the vagina to the rectum. We also get a very clear picture of the way in which the girl’s totally un-female desire to have a penis is normally transformed into the desire for a baby—and then for the penis-bearing man who can give her the baby.

It would be best if you hid your superior knowledge altogether.

In my opinion, then, a Weltanschauung is an intellectual construction that gives a unified solution to all the problems f our existence on the basis of an overriding hypothesis; a construction that therefore leaves no questions open and gives everything that we are interested in its particular place. It is easy to see that the possession of a Weltanschauung is among the ideal desires of humans.

It is a simple act that the truth can’t be tolerant, that it doesn’t;t allow compromises and limitations.

Off the three powers that are capable of challenging science, religion alone is the serious enemy. Art is almost always harmless and beneficent; it has no desire to be anything other than illusion.

We have to admit that the other objections are to some extent justified. This simply is the way that science proceeds: slowly, tentatively, laboriously. Nobody can deny it, nobody can change it. No wonder the gentlemen on the other side of the fence are dissatisfied: they are spoilt; they had an easier time of things with divine revelation.
__________
An Outline of Psychoanalysis

We are quite justified in saying that, at birth, a drive arises to return to the intra-uterine life we have given up—a drive to sleep. Sleep is a return to the womb of this kind.

He is not simply to tell us what he intends to say, what he is happy to say, the things that would give him the kind of relief he would get after a confession: he has to tell us everything that his self-observation yields to him everything that comes into his mind, even if it is unpleasant for him to say it, even if it seems to him to be unimportant or even ridiculous. If he succeeds in switching ooff his self-critical mechanism after being instructed thus, he will give us a wealth of material—thoughts, associations, memories,—that are already under the influence of the unconscious, indeed are often directly derived from it, and that thus put us in a position to deduce his repressed unconscious material and to extend the knowledge of his Ego has of his unconscious by sharing this with him.

The child’s first erotic object is the maternal breast that feeds it; love arise son the pattern of the gratified need for nourishment.

But for the tine being we have nothing better at our disposal than the psychoanalytical technique—and for that reason, despite its limitations, we ought not to despise it.

The female child doesn’t, of course, have to fear losing her penis; however, she does have to react to not having had one in the first place. Right from the start, she envies the boy his possession; indeed, one could say that her whole development takes place under the influence of penis envy.

Initially, she makes vain attempts to compensate for her defect—attempts that can ultimately lead to a normal female attitude. If during the phallic phase she tries like the boy to create pleasurable sensations in her genitals by manually stimulating them, then she often fails to obtain sufficient gratification, and the judgement she has made about the inferiority of her atrophied penis becomes extended to her whole person. As a rule, she soon abandons masurbation because she doesn’t;t want to be reminded of the superiority of her brother or playmate, and she turns her back on sexuality altogether.

[أحمد القاضي · Rating 3 out of 5]

يعتمد فرويد بشكل أساسي في تحليله النفس�� على الغريزة الجنسية, كمحرك أساسي لجميع أفعال الإنسان تقريباً..حتى من الطفولة..
و هذه نقطة اعتراض عليه, فيمكن اعتباره محرك من المحركات ,أو لكثير من الأفعال, و لكنه ليس الأساسي و

الوحيد, و ليس لكل الأفعال, فيمكن اعتبار مدرسة (يانج ) أو (آدلر) أكثر واقعية من مدرسة فرويد في هذا الجانب..
و يبني أيضاً فرويد تحليلاته على تقسيم النفس الإنسانية لثلاثة أقسام, ألا و هي : الأنا (المصطدمة مع عالم الواقع)

, و الهو (الجانب المائل إلى إشباع الشهوات بشكل مُطلق), و الأنا العليا (الضمير, أو البديل النفسي للوالدين

كزاجر لفلتات الهو ) , و هذا صحيح بشكل كبير, و يجعل المرء يلقي نظرة داخلية على صراعاته النفسية المستمرة

, و التي تظهر في اختياراته و أفعاله و علاقاته , و لكن بما أن فرويد قد بنى نظريته على أساس إلحادي, فيمكننا

اعتبار (الأنا العليا) هي الوازع الديني أيضاً..
الكتاب مفيد كنظرة على النفس الإنسانية و صراعاتها و تفاعلها مع العالم الخارجي , و لكن ليس كل ما فيه يصلح

للقياس على جميع الحالات, خصوصاً في الجزء المخصص للأحلام و العصاب..
و كان كتابه (الأنا و الهو ) أكثر إفادة..و لكن عموماً, الكتاب لا بأس به و نافع لمن يبحث في علم النفس و التحليل

النفسي..

[Fares · Rating 3 out of 5]

I am too ill-equipped to fully understand (or judge) this special branch of science... but I find the book informative and interesting.

[Parker · Rating 4 out of 5]

The title does not lie, this is in fact an outline of psycho-analysis and a damn good one at that. Written by the godfather of psychoanalysis himself, this small treatise presents a very healthy amount of information regarding some of Freud's most famous/infamous theories of all time, such as the id/ego/super-ego and the other things about boys and girls and genitals. Besides from Freud's own very obvious repressed desires that can be found here, it doesn't take up large chunks of the volume and are rather minute compared to the real meat of Freud's last work. The conscious, unconscious, pleasure, unpleasure, all of these theories that Freud presents--albeit baffling at times--are extremely thought-provoking and downright true. Some of these theories I have thought of myself, and by that I mean my 'theories' (ideas) and Freud's (backed by research, fetishism, and a bit of cocaine) share similarities, and knowing that Freud was there to name and observe the phenomenology of our 'unconsciousness' was a treat for the lame observers of humanity like me. Every page has a couple of words circled along with entire paragraphs being underlined ferociously by me who actually does not think that Freud was a total nonce and has a lot more sense than people credit with. Yet, in all these underlines that I made there was only one sentence that I underlined twice, again because it was already underlined by a previous reader:

"Reality will always remain 'unknowable'. [Psycho-analysis] has discovered technical methods of 'filling in the gaps.'"

[walmsie101 · Rating 1 out of 5]

Ladies and gentlemen! He fancies his mum lel

[Mayo · Rating 4 out of 5]

freud aqui explica de forma increíblemente clara conceptos básicos de psicoanalisis realmente recomendable para introducirte al psicoanalisis y es probable que vuelva aqui para repasar y comparar en caso de dudas con proximas lecturas psicoanaliticas

[lucii · Rating 4 out of 5]

Unterhaltsam, nachvollziehbar, mit erhellenden Ausführungen zur „Natur des Psychischen“.

That being said: der Abschnitt zum Ödipuskomplex ist in seiner Bestimmtheit completely off the rails und an Dreistigkeit kaum zu überbieten haha.

[Zidane Abdollahi · Rating 4 out of 5]

1. این آخرین مقالۀ فروید است که یک سال پیش از مرگش نوشته‌ است؛ با توجه به سیر غیرخطی (تا حدی دایره‌وار) پیشرفت دانش روانکاوی، مفاهیم آن پراکنده بودند و نوشتۀ واحدی برای بیان تمام موضوعات و اکتشافات آن در دست نبود؛ در نتیجه، بنیان‌گذار بزرگ روانکاوی این مقاله را در نه فصل نوشت تا برای افرادی که با این رشته آشنایی ندارند یک طرح و شمای کلی از روانکاوی ارائه دهد.
2. مقاله در نه فصل سعی دارد بدون استدلال و شواهد، نظریات روانکاوی را مطرح کند؛ درنتیجه هضم بسیاری از مطالب به این موجزی بسیار سخت و تاحدی غیرممکن است؛ اما خب باید هدف را درنظر گرفت. هرچند آخرین مقالۀ فروید است اما به گمانم نیاز است قبل از خوانشِ دیگر آثارش مطالعه شود، چرا که با دادن نمایی کلی به خواننده سبب می‌شود درک موضوع آسان‌تر شود.
3. با توجه به تجربۀ خودم در ورود به خوانش فروید، به‌گمانم این مقاله بهترین شروع است؛ هرچند شاید زبان نوشته اندکی سنگین باشد، اما بسی بهتر از نوشته‌های دست دوم دربارۀ کار فروید است؛ زیرا که در این نوشته از زبان خود فروید هم با روانکاوی آشنا می‌شویم. در نتیجه، اگر می‌خواهید شناختی کلی بدون نقد یا تحلیل از روانکاوی پیدا کنید (به هر هدفی)، این مقاله بسی بهتر از نوشته‌های نویسنده‌های دیگر است.
4. این مقاله با نام «رئوس نظریۀ روانکاوی» در شمارۀ 22 مجلۀ ارغنون، با ترجمۀ «حسین پاینده» قرار داده شده است؛ نسخۀ الکترونیک نیز یافت می‌شود. در مجموع ترجمۀ نسبتاً خوبیست؛ البته من نسخه‌ای که (انگلیسی) از آن ترجمه شده یا زبان اصلی یا برگردانِ فارسی دیگری را از این مقاله نخوانده‌ام تا بتوانم به‌خوبی درباب آن نظر دهم اما متأسفانه معادلی که برای برخی از کلمات درنظر گرفته شده است چندان مناسب نیست و برگردانِ برخی از جملات و عبارات نیز می‌توانست بسی بهتر باشد.
5. درصورتی که مانند من آشناییِ آنچنانی با روانکاوی ندارید، هیچگاه ابتدا به سراغ مجلۀ ارغنون نروید! مقالات فروید در دو شماره‌ای که این مجله به روانکاوی اختصاص داده است، بدون هیچ ترتیب زمانی یا موضوعیِ خاصی قرار داده شده‌اند، ضمن اینکه برگردانِ برخی از مقالات به راستی خوب نیست (از جمله مقالۀ «ورای اصل لذت» که از دشوارترین نوشته‌های فروید است!)؛ بنابراین، برخلاف آنچه در ابتدای مجله گفته شده است، آشنایی تمهید مقدمه‌ای مناسب برای شناخت و نقد فرهنگ معاصر در غرب از طریق گزینش واقع‌بینانۀ متون طراز اول، مقالات این مجموعه به هیچ وجه برای آشنایی مناسب نیستند!
پ.ن: خود مقاله 4، ترجمه و مجلۀ ارغنون 3

[Catherine Woodman · Rating 4 out of 5]

I first read this in a college course, and found his body of work to be eye opening and thought provoking--although not all that easy to read--I would never have guessed that I would go on to be a psychiatrist, but he rocked my world

[Ritika Chawla · Rating 4 out of 5]

I was very curious about its contents, so I quickly read through this short book. My mind felt positively blown after I finished reading it- the distinction and the dynamics between the Id, the ego, and the superego; the split that likely causes psychosis and neurosis. I don't think there can be a better introduction for anyone made curious by Psychoanalysis. There was one part that my mind felt resistant towards- the one that explains the origin and effects of the Oedipus Complex. Instead of fighting the resistance, I chose to not engage too deeply with that bit in the first reading. Just because you don't like sprinkles on your cake does not mean you throw away the entire cake.

I will read it again, this time more intentionally and immersively, perhaps while making notes on the side.

[sean · Rating 5 out of 5]

does what it says; i'm generally a hater of late freud but this is such a beautiful and simple recasting of his metapsychology along his second topology (ego/id/superego) and is at once really familiar and new. also that this is probably the definitive statement by freud on metapsychology (as his last writing on it) shouldn't be taken for granted.

also i disagree with the editors of the revised standard edition who took out the ellipsis at the end as i would argue that this was totally unfinished. i feel like a finished version of this would include a second goethe quote ending the last chapter. but that's just me...

[Darío · Rating 3 out of 5]

Bueno como resumen final de los conceptos fundamentales de su obra

[salva]

freudtastisch

[Daniel Polansky]

Freud would have a field day on why I spend so much time reading Freud, given I think most of it’s nonsense. But it’s not all nonsense, and the parts that aren’t are pretty entertaining.

[Dimitra · Rating 3 out of 5]

Well, I am not equipped to fully understand this book, but I thought it would be a cool and easy-to-read introduction to his theories in psychoanalysis. On the contrary, I got a book with so much analysis which made no sense to me, a casual reader. It was informative and interesting but too complicated. Nothing more than that. It was a well written book, and that's why I gave it 3 stars.
Freud is the "father of psychoanalysis" for a reason. He was a smart, influential man who certainly set the foundation. However, I don't like some of his theories. Especially the fact that he connects everything to sexuality and that us, women, envy men because we don't have a "p". WTF...
I am curious to see more of his work and theories, but I don't know if I will enjoy reading them...

[Erik Graff · Rating 3 out of 5]

I read this book while studying continental depth psychology at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. Written by Freud while in London in 1938, left incomplete, this is still a clear introduction to psychoanalysis as it existed at the time of its founder's death.

[Micah Chandler · Rating 4 out of 5]

A very comprehensive and helpful outline of Freud’s method of psycho-analysis. Easy to see why he was so influential in the field, but also why he’s somewhat controversial. He certainly does not take a positive view of human nature, and his approach to therapy is interesting.

[Aalaa]

لم أكمل الكتاب ترجمته تذكرني بكتاب الأحياء الذي اكتشفت بعد دخولي كلية الطب أن نصف ترجمته خاطئة .. معظم كلام فرويد ينصب حول الغريزة الجنسية بشكل يوحي أنه هو نفسه كان غير متزن نفسيا ليكتب في علم النفس

[Mariam Mordy · Rating 3 out of 5]

الكتاب بيحتوي على موجز لنظريات فرويد .... محتاج تركيز شديد عشان تفهم النظريات ... لن أنكر بعض الأجزاء لم أفهمها حتى بعد تركيزي الشديد 🤷🏻‍♀️🤦🏻‍♀️

[Ayşe Zeybekoğlu · Rating 4 out of 5]

“Günah çıkarmada günah çıkartan günah çıkarana ne biliyorsa onu söyler; psikanalitik tedavide ise bir nevrozlu bildiğinden daha fazlasını söylemek zorundadır.”

“Psikanalist olarak hazırlanmak hiç de pek kolay ve basit sayılmaz; iş zor, sorumluluk ise büyüktür. Ama her kim böyle bir eğitim ve öğrenim görmüş, kendisi psikanalizden geçmiş, derinlik psikolojisi konusunda günümüzde edinebildiği kadar bilgi edinmiş, cinsellikten anlar duruma gelmiş, o çetin psikanaliz tekniğini bellemiş, yorum sanatını kavramış, direnişlerle savaşıp onları alt edecek ve aktarım olayının içinden yüzünün akıyla çıkabilecek bir yetenek kazanmışsa, o kimseye psikanaliz alanında amatör gözüyle bakılamaz artık.”
Maalesef günümüzde hala ruh sağlığı çalışanları arasında çatışmalar devam ediyor. Oysa ünvanı ne olursa olsun tüm ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının yetkin olması şarttır. Freud’un açıklamasına bakacak olursak da lisans eğitimi bu yetkinlik için yetersizdir. Diğerlerini bilmem ama kendi adıma daha çok yolum var ...

[Berk · Rating 3 out of 5]

Psikanaliz kuramlarının gerçekliğe getirdiği sınırlayıcı ve kategorize edici bilimsel açıklamalar bugüne kadar pek ilgimi çekmedi hala da çekmiyor. Buna rağmen Freud’un yazılarındaki samimi politik tavrı ve bilimsel üslubu hep hoşuma gitti. Bu kitabın sonundaki “Bir evren anlayışa üzerine” metnindeki ilk çağda insan çözümlemesi hoşuma gitti. Umarım bu kitap okuduğum son Freud olur, çünkü kavga ederek kuramsal metin okumaktan çok yoruldum.

[Ehab mohamed · Rating 4 out of 5]

التقييم لقدرة فرويد على توضيح وإيجاز منهجه بأكمله في صفحات قليلة وعبارات واضحة قصيرة.

[Faty]

papá

[Eloise Anagnost · Rating 1 out of 5]

like how is freud the basis of the french psychological education system I don’t understand. NOT EVERYTHING RELATES BACK TO THE OEDIPUS COMPLEX STOP THIS MADNESS.