I decided to read Gerald B. Gardner’s “High Magic’s Aid” primarily because it was mentioned by many of the early Wiccan’s (e.g., Valiente, Crowther, and etc.) as Gardner’s “required reading” prior to being initiated. I’ve read numerous reviews about this book, so when I started reading it, I didn’t have high hopes. When considering that Gardner used antiquated language, along with his copious use of “wench,” throughout the text, after just a few chapters, I thought that this book would be a trial to read. I was wrong and the reviews didn’t accurately reveal how important this work was, and remains.
First published in 1949 under the pseudonym ‘Scire’, this book takes places in medieval England. The main characters are the Bonder brothers—Jan and Olaf—along with the older Thur, a doctor, who lives at St. Alban’s. The Bonder brothers’ father (and grandfather Sir Edgar) were killed by the Normans under Fitz Urse when they were just children, and Thur was their fathers’ friend. After the Bonder’s father and grandfather were killed, the brothers were dispossessed of their inheritance, which included titles and land. Fitz Urse burned down their grandfather’s house and in its stead, built a stronghold on the top of a cliff. As a result of this dispossession (and their mother’s unwavering nagging), the Bonder brothers have been suffering ever since.
Intent on taking back their inheritance, Jan and Olaf visit Thur, seeking High Magic’s Aid. This aid was provided by Thur who was trained in Spain at the University of Cordoba in High Magic aka Ceremonial Magic. Throughout the book, Gardner makes it clear that High Magic, at least from Thur’s experiences with it, is all about theory. We later learn that the opposite, practice, is to be found among those practicing witchcraft.
Using High Magic (that Thur has never used before but knows the mechanics of) Thur learns from the spirit Barzebal that he must seek out the story’s other main character, “The Witch of Wanda”—a woman called Vada. The reason why is because in order to conduct real magic to help Jan and Olaf, Thur needs to make tools, but he can only do that with a witch’s tools—the black hilted and white hilted knives. They not only find Vada, but they make her change her name in order to protect her from the church who are hounding her. She changes her name to Morven, which was her initiation name. With Morven’s help, Thur is able to contact the spirits and receives the information that they need in order for the Bonder’s to get their inheritance back. To cut the story short, the Bonder’s do this. In order to win over the pagan followers, Morven initiates them all into witchcraft, and then initiates both Thur and Jan (who later takes the name Janicot) into the priesthood. Afterwards, they summon Bartzebal again who tells them to find Even Gull’s Egg. When they find him, the brothers unite with the pagan followers, attack the stronghold, and take their inheritance back.
At the end of the story, Gardner includes some major twists: Not only does Thur end up being killed during the battle, but after slaying Fitz Urse, his wife, and their two sons, Jan learns from the Abbot that they were his cousins; Fitz Urse was actually the son of his late grandfather’s sister who married Fitz Urse’s father.
If you can get past Gardner’s flowery language, this story is actually quite exciting. Certainly, the book could have been improved upon, as with all novels. But unlike those other novels, Gardner’s book includes an unbelievable amount of information on witchcraft for one to consume. In fact, it is this book that Gardner laid bare all of his ideas about witchcraft, not just generally, but also specifically. For example, Gardner reveals how he believed initiation should occur. This book also reveals that Gardner understood how High Magic or Ceremonial Magic operated, including using all of the Kabbalistic references.
If you read this book—and I mean **really READ this book**—you will find how modern witchcraft originated. This includes not just the rituals, but also the inherent beliefs and even common sayings. For example, Gardner remarks how the Christian church turned the old gods into devils (pg. 77), and talks about “…Perfect Love and perfect Trust…” (pg. 181).
It was from this book that the Book of Shadows (called by Gardner as simply “…a great book…” (pg. 77) came into being where, “…we recorded all our experiments…” (pg. 77). In fact, Gardner lays out in detail everything, including how to cast a nine-foot-breadth circle. Other key terms include binding, swords, athame, white-hilted knife, ritual nudity, Summerland, “The Devil” aka High Priest wearing a hide and goat’s mask, fairies, priests and priestesses, naked dancing, adoption of secret names in the Circle, sigils, reincarnation, ritual bloodless scourging, Witches sabbath, living body of the priestess forms the altar, broomsticks, witchcraft as a “phallic religion” (pg. 79); “…broomstick symbolizes the phallus…”(pg. 79), Western astrology, the planets and even inclusions of herbs with planetary correspondences (pg. 85), talismans, incense, waxen images (aka poppets), King Solomon, triple circle, pentacles, wands, cords, enchantment spell, sickles, eight-ounce wax candles, Burin, working naked, Horned God, Evoh Ah, pentacles, Kabbalah, evocation, invocation, mind power, bells, a five-fold kiss, vows of secrecy, three degrees in witchcraft, and the Mystery of Mysteries.
One can also see the-then myth of hereditary witchcraft (although now it has been a possibility for some time) because Morven was indeed a hereditary witch. What is interesting is how Gardner approached modern witchcraft in this novel by revealing its true form. For example, Morven tells Thur and the Bonder’s that to remain invisible, they should tie a wad of white cloth tied behind them, like “…rabbits’ scuts…” (pg. 52), or rabbit tails. According to Morven, this was a sign to other witches that they were trying to travel and not be seen and, when asked by others, they would state that they only saw four rabbits crossing. Why? Morven explains that if they were interrogated, they would know if they were lying, but if they said rabbits, they could lie successfully. Gardner hammers this in by stating that,
“….Thus do we witches, ever bearing in mind that invisibility is not a lack of sight in all beholders, but lack of observation…” (pg. 90).
Prior to his own initiation as a witch, Thur discusses in length the many inherent problems with Ceremonial Magic (aka High Magic) on their way to London. But the most important message that Gardner provides is that of ethics and of the purpose of Shabbats. For example, although Morven wasn’t psychic, she,
“…helped by giving power from my body…” (pg. 78) and,
“…For this is the joke in Witchcraft, the Witch knows though the initiate does not, that she will get three times what she gave, so she does not strike hard [when scourging]…”
I can see why the early modern witches were so attracted to Wicca in the first place. And why Gardner, even with all of his own failings (which every single one of us also has), was so electrifying to the early witches. I absolutely recommend this book and particularly to those who are interested in the history of modern witchcraft and Wicca.