Burma has not had a chance to be a unified. Ethnic minorities have engaged in uprisings to gain independence and equal rights. The Burmese military regime has responded with armed forces to restore order ever since it gained power in 1958 and regained its rule after a coup d’état in 1962. What initially was seen as uprisings has developed into a form of civil war which political organisations were set up and villagers were trained to become armies, such as one of the ethnic groups’ long and powerful resistance force, Karen’s Karen National Union (KNU) and its Karen National Defence Organisation. The atrocious attacks on Karen people by the military regime have lost many lives and burnt down many villages. This fact is what almost everyone in the world has become aware of today. However, what we have heard less of is that a Karen man was caught, tied up to a tree upside down, eyes gouged out and drowned (55). Or a Shan women and her two daughters being “gang-raped by over fifty soldiers (64)”. Or a twelve-year old Kachin boy recalling “how his mother was shot dead (86)”. This is only few of the stories the author aims to deliver. The situation of Burma and the struggle of the people is not happening in one place or in one ethnic group, but there are various other factors involved. The author argues that this can only be understood by looking at Burma as a whole and by telling their stories of suffering “almost in silence, virtually unheard, unknown, and un-helped (p. xxi)”.
The author successfully accomplishes this by narrating stories he heard from his multiple visits to Burma’s ethnic regions and meeting actual people with first-hand experience of the brutal attacks by the military. However, his encounters are not limited to victims of this ethnic fight, but also Burmans who are fighting for democracy, displaced people for religious reasons, and former soldiers. His wide range of sources allow him to achieve his goal of taking a holistic view on Burma. The author introduces several organisations that fight along them by issuing reports about them to gather attention from the outside. He strategically takes the book to the conclusion that with the solidarity among various groups of people and the support from outside, Burma can change itself, as it is now at the crossroads.
Since 2000, the author has visited Burma multiple times to the borderlands where the ethnic groups are. He has also visited the borders where many refugees are displaced. He has “looked into the eyes of (xxiii)” the people fighting for freedom in their own country. His visits are not limited to the peripheries but also main cities, such as Rangoon, Mandalay and Naypyidaw. The variety of people he encountered can be seen from the arrangement of chapters; ethnic groups in the East, North, and West; “Stateless people (127)”, who he calls the Rohingyas of; former adult and child soldiers of the Burma Army; and protestors of the Saffron Revolution. He does not separate one group from the others and specialise in them. He instead categorises them all into one group as fighting against the same enemy.
On the one hand, he is speaking for the victims of the military regime. However, he does not blame the people carrying out the attacks. The uniqueness of the book is where he includes episodes with officers of the Burma Army which show that they have a soft side and are just taking orders. He includes his casual interaction with one of the officers while waiting for the plane in the process of his deportation and an account from a foreign woman when the soldiers came to her house with rifles but all naturally focused on her smiling baby. Through this he is able to show that the fault is not entirely on the people but on the system that forces them to act brutally.
As one of the groups fighting for Burma’s freedom, he also introduces a variety of non-profit, non-government organisations that are fighting with the people and also playing an important role in informing the world of the situation through newsletters, reports, and articles. These organisations include Free Burma Rangers, Women’s League of Chinland, the Human Rights Foundation of Monland, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, and so the list goes on. Most of these organisations are unheard of and yet crucial to the battle for freedom, as they have reliable statistical data of deaths, displaced, raped, child soldiers, and many more violation of human rights. In the case of Shan State, which is the largest state located in the east and has the largest population, from 1996 to 1998, 80,000 Shans fled to Thailand, 1,400 villages were forcibly relocated, 300,000 people were attacked by armed forces, 300 people were killed in one town, and 664 people were executed, according to the Shan Human Rights Foundation (64). Shan Women’s Action Network (SWAN) reported in 2001, between 1996 and 2001, there were 173 incidents of rape involving 625 women and girls, which 61 percent were gang rapes and 25 percent ended killed (64). The issue of rapes in Shan state was brought into awareness for the first time by the reports, which prompted investigation by the US State Department. These numbers have drawn public attention from outside the country.
Burma: a nation at the crossroads, is a new type of book on Burma, which is unlike the others that specialise in one dimension of the country or take a viewpoint of an ethnic group. Instead, he aims to illustrate the fight of the people in Burma as a whole. Ethnic groups scattered in the borderlands, Burmans in the cities led by Aung San Suu Kyi, Christians and Muslims, former Burma Army soldiers, all have been abused by and suffered from the military regime. Yet, they stand up against the regime and continue to fight for their freedom. In addition, non-governmental and non-profit organisations have also joined the fight to raise awareness outside. The author concludes that the combination of courage of the people and support from outside will bring peace to Burma. With abundant sources of first-hand interviews and information from a wide range of groups of people, the author successfully achieves to demonstrate his equal position among the people, although biased on them as a whole against the military regime, and lead to the conclusion that Burma is at the crossroads to become a better country. With solidarity among the people and support from the outside, Burma is able to accomplish the change.