While almost every religion has an authoritative text that forms the basis of the religion itself, there may not exactly be an equivalent in Hinduism. The closest equivalent for the Hindus may be a collection of vast, varied literature called The Vedas.
The Vedas are one of the oldest known texts, perhaps to all of humanity. Having passed on orally, much of these texts is believed to have been lost. Vyasa, a sage, is believed to have compiled them and hence the appellation - Veda Vyasa.
There are four Vedas - Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharvana. Then the six vedaanga or auxilliaries - Siskha (pronunciation), Nirukta (etymology), Chandas (metre), Vyakarana (grammar), Jyotisha and Kalpa (procedures). Along with Meemamsa, Nyaaya, Purana and Dharma Shastra, these are called Vidyasthanam - or the abode of knowledge.
There are four more, called Upaanga (appendage, literally) - Ayurveda (the science of life), Arthashaastra (economics), DHanur Veda (weaponry), Gandharva Veda (fine arts).
As one can notice, these texts are extremely varied in their scope and cover a plethora of subjects, both spiritual and pertaining to everyday life.
In this book, Mahaperiyava, as the Saint of Kanchi is called, introduces the reader to each of these. With a chapter devoted to each of the texts listed above, he describes the main purpose of each text. It is a splendid introduction to anyone who is interested in having a birds eye view of the Vedas. After all, that's all people like me can afford, given that neither do we know the knowledge nor do we devote time for learning it.
The chart in the form of a concept map at the end of the book is comprehensive and gives a quick view of pretty much all the key texts.